Quantitative modeling of the Water Footprint and Energy Content of Crop and Animal Products Consumption in Tanzania

Article Sidebar

PDF HTML
Published: May 1, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v5i2.176
Keywords:
Water footprint energy content human health crop animal products

Main Article Content

Felichesmi Selestine lyakurwa
Dalian University of Technology
صندلی اداری

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the link between water footprint and energy content of crop and animal products is vitally important for the sound management of water resources. In this study, we developed a mathematical relationship between water content, and energy content of many crops and animal products by using an improved LCA approach (water footprint). The standard values of the water and energy contents of crops and animal products were obtained from the databases of Agricultural Research Service, UNESCO Institute for water education and Food, and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The water footprint approach was applied to analyze the relationship between water requirement and energy of content of crop and animal products, in which the uncertainty and sensitivity was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation technique that is contained in the Oracle Crystal Ball Fusion Edition v11.1.1.3.00. The results revealed significant water saving due to changes in food consumption pattern i.e. from consumption of more meat to vegetables. The production of 1kcal of crop and animal products requires about 98% of green, 4.8% blue water and 0.4% of gray water. In which changes in consumption pattern gave annual blue water saving of about 1605 Mm3 that is equivalent to 41.30m3/capita, extremely greater than the standard drinking water requirement for the whole population. Moreover, the projected results indicated, triple increase of dietary water requirement from 30.9 Mm3 in 2005 to 108 Mm3 by 2050. It was also inferred that, Tanzania has a positive virtual water balance of crop and animal products consumption with net virtual water import of 9.1 Mm3 that is the contribution margin to the water scarcity alleviation strategy. Therefore, developed relationship of water footprint and energy content of crops and animal products can be used by water resource experts for sustainable freshwater and food supply.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Issue
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2014): Independent Journal of Management & Production
Section
Articles

1. Proposal of Policy for Free Access Periodics

Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:

a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 that allows the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.

b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in an institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.

c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).

 

Proposal of Policy for Periodic that offer Postponed Free Access

Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:

 

a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 [SPECIFY TIME HERE] after the publication, allowing the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.

 

b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.

 

c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).


d. They allow some kind of open dissemination. Authors can disseminate their articles in open access, but with specific conditions imposed by the editor that are related to:
     Version of the article that can be deposited in the repository:
           Pre-print: before being reviewed by pairs.
           Post-print: once reviewed by pairs, which can be:
                  The version of the author that has been accepted for publication.
                  The editor's version, that is, the article published in the magazine.
           At which point the article can be made accessible in an open manner: before it is published in the magazine, immediately afterwards or if a period of seizure is required, which can range from six months to several years.
      Where to leave open: on the author's personal web page, only departmental websites, the repository of the institution, the file of the research funding agency, among others.

Author Biography

Felichesmi Selestine lyakurwa, Dalian University of Technology

Department of production and operations management, Mzumbe university
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

BAYART, B. J.; BULLE, C.; DESCHĚNES, L.; MARGANI, M.; PFISTER, S.; VINCE, F.; KOEHLER, A. (2010) A framework for assessing off-stream freshwater use in LCA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, v. 15, n. 15, p. 439-453.

BERGER, M.; WARSEN, J.; KRINKE, S.; BACH, V.; FINKBEINER, M. (2012) Water footprint of European cars: Potential impact of water consumption along automobile life cycles. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 7, p. 409-4099.

BOULAY, A. M.; BULLE, C.; BAYART, J. B.; DESCHENES, L.; MARGNI, M. (2011) Regional characterization of freshwater use in life cycle assessment: Modeling direct human health impacts. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 45, n. 20, p. 8948-8957.

CANALS, L. I. M.; CHENOWETH, J.; CHAPAGAIN, A.; ORR, S.; ANTÓN, A.; CLIFT, R. (2009) Assessing freshwater use impacts in LCA: Part I-inventory modeling and characterization factors for the main impact pathways. Int J Life Cycle Assess, v. 14, n. 1, p. 28-42.

CAZCARRO, I.; DUARTE, R.; CHÓLIZ, S. J. (2012) Water flows in the Spanish economy: Agri-food sectors, trade and households diets in an input-output framework. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 12, p. 6530-6538.

CHIU, W. Y.; WU, M. (2012) Assessing county level water footprints of different cellulosic biofuel feedstock pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 16, p. 9155-9162.

CLEVELAND, A. D.; RADKA, N. C.; MÜLLER, M. N.; WATSON, D. T.; REKSTEIN, J. N.; WRIGHT, M. V. H.; HOLLINGSHEAD, E. S. (2011) Effect of localizing fruit and vegetable consumption on greenhouse gas emissions and nutrition, Santa Barbara County. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 45, n. 10, p. 4555-4562.

ESOMAR (2011) Grow campaign global opinion research final topline report. Oxfam International (OXFAM), Hong Kong.

FAO (2001) Human energy requirements: Food and nutrition technical reports series n. 1. Reports of joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, Rome.

FAO (2006) Livestock’s long shadow environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO (2012) Food balance sheets FAOSTAT global database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

GAN, J.; SMITH, T. C.; LANGEVELD, A. W. J.; (2012) Effects of considering greenhouse gas consequences on fertilizer use in loblolly pine plantations. J. Env. Manage. n. 113, p. 383-389.

Gleick, H. P. (1996) Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs. Water Int., v. 21, n. 2, p. 83-92.

HELLER, C. M; KEOLEIAN, A. G. (2011) Exploring a water/energy trade-offs in regional sourcing of livestock feed crops. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(24), 10619-10626.

HELLER, C. M.; KEOLEIAN, A. G.; WILLETT, C. W. (2013) Toward a life cycle-based, diet-level framework for food environmental impact and nutritional quality assessment: A critical review. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 47, p. 12632-12647.

HOEKSTRA, A. Y.; CHAPAGAIN, A. K.; ALDAYA, M. M.; MEKONNEN, M. M. (2009) Water footprint manual: State of the art water footprint network: Enschede, the Netherlands.

HOEKSTRA, Y. A; MEKONNEN, M. M. (2011) The Water Footprint of Humanity. PNAS, v. 109, n. 9, p. 3232-3237.

JIAO, W.; MIN, Q.; CHENG, S.; LI, W. (2013) The waste absorption footprint (WAF): A methodological note on footprint calculations. Ecological Indicators, n. 34, p. 356-360.

KINABO, J. (2003) Globalization of food systems: Impacts on food security and nutrition. FAO, Rome.

KOEHLER, A. (2008) Water use in LCA: Managing the planet’s freshwater resources. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, v. 13, n. 6, p. 451-455.

LAM, H-M.; REMAIS, J.; FUNG, M-C.; XU, L.; SUN, S-M. S. (2013) Food supply and food safety issues in China. LANCET, v. 381, n. 9882, p. 2044-2053.

LIU, S.; CROSSMAN, D. N.; NOLAN, M.; GHIRMAY, H. (2013) Bringing ecosystem services into integrated water resources management. Journal of Environmental Management, n. 129, p. 92-102.

MA, J.; HOEKSTRA, Y. A.; WANG, H.; CHAPAGAIN, K. A.; WANG, D. (2006) Virtual versus Real Water Transfers within China. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., v. 361, n. 1469, p. 835-842.

MAKURIRA, H.; SAVERIJE, H. H. G.; UHLENBROOK, S. (2009) Investigating water balance on farm techniques for improving crop productivity in rainfed systems: A case Study of Makanya Catchment Tanzania. Phys. Chem. Earth, v. 34, n. 1-2, p. 93-98.

MEKONNEN, M. M.; HOEKSTRA, A. Y. (2010) The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, value of water research report series n. 48, UNESCO-IHE, Delf, the Netherlands.

MEKONNEN, M. M.; HOEKSTRA, Y. A.; BECHT, R. (2012) Mitigating the water footprint of export cut flowers from the Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya Water Resour Manage 2012, v. 26, n. 13, p. 3725-3742.

MOE, L. C.; RHEINGANS, D. R. (2006) Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. Journal of Water and Health, v. 4, n. 1, p. 41-57.

MUELLER, D. N.; GERBER, S. J.; JOHNSTON, M.; RAY, K. D.; RAMANKUTTY, N.; FOLEY, A. J. (2012) Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature, n. 490, p. 254-257.

MUTIRO, J.; MAKURIRA, H.; SENZANJE, A.; MUL, L. M. (2006) Water productivity analysis for smallholder rainfed systems: A case study of Makanya catchment Tanzania. Phys. Chem. Earth, v. 31, n. 15-16, p. 901-909.

NBS (2012) United Republic of Tanzania National sample census of agriculture small holder agriculture volume II, crop sector national report. The National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Zanzibar.

NÚÑEZ, M.; PFISTER, S.; ROUX, P.; ANTÓN, A. (2013) Estimating water consumption of potential natural vegetation on global dry lands: Building an LCA framework for green water flows. Environ. Sci. Technol. n. 47, p. 12258-12265.

PACHPUTE, J. S. (2010) A Package of water management practices for sustainable growth and improved production of vegetable crop in labour and water scarce Sub-Sahara Africa. Agric. Water Manage. v. 97, n. 9, p. 1251-1258.

PFISTER, S.; BAYER, P.; KOEHLER, A.; HELLWEG, S. (2011) Environmental impacts of water use in global crop production: Hotspots and trade-offs with land use. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 45, n. 13, p. 5761-5768.

PFISTER, S.; KOEHLER, A.; HELLWEG, S. (2009) Assessing environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in life cycle assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 43, n. 11, p. 4098-4104.

POPKIN, M. B.; DʹANCI, E. K.; ROSENBERG, H. I. (2010) Water hydration and health. nutritional reviews, v. 68, n. 8, p. 439-458.

PREMA, R., (2013) Food and nutrition security: Challenges in the new millennium. The Indian journal of medical research, v. 138, n. 3, p. 373-82.

REEMTSMA, T.; ALDER, L.; BANASIAK, U. (2013) Emerging pesticide metabolites in groundwater and surface water as determined by the application of a multimethod for 150 pesticide metabolites. Water Research n. 47, p. 5535-5545.

RENAULT, D.; WALLENDER, W. W. (2000) Nutrition water productivity and diets. Agric. Water Manage., v. 45, n. 3, p. 275-296.

RIDOUTT, B. G.; PfiSTER, S. (2010) Arevised approach to water footprinting to make transparent the impacts of consumption and production on global freshwater scarcity. Global Environ. Chang., v. 20, n. 1, p. 113-120.

RIDOUTT, G. B.; SANGUANSRI, P.; NOLAN, M.; MARKS, N. (2012) Meat consumption and water scarcity: Beware of generalizations. Journal of Cleaner Production, n. 28, p. 127-133.

ROY, B. S.; CHEN, L.; GIRVETZ, H. E.; MAURER, P. E.; MILLS, B. W.; GRIEB, M. T. (2012) Projecting water withdrawal and supply for future decades in the U.S under climate change scenarios. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 5, p. 2545-2556.

SAWKA, N. M.; CHEUVRONT, N. S.; CARTER, R. (2005) Human water needs. Nutritional Reviews, v. 63, n. 6, p. 30-39.

STOESSEL, F.; JURASKE, R.; PFISTER, S.; HELLWEG, S. (2012) Life cycle inventory and carbon and water footprint of fruits and vegetables: Application to a Swiss retailer. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 6, p. 3253-3262.

TUOMISTO, L. H.; MATTOS, T. J. M. (2011) Environmental impact of cultured meat production. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 45, n. 14, p. 6117-6123.

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU (2003) Tanzania population pyramid for 2005. U.S. census bureau, international database Available at: http://www.nationmaster.com/country/tz/Age.

URT (1992) The food and nutrition policy of Tanzania. URT, United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health.

USDA (2011) Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 24. Agricultural research service, Beltsville, Maryland Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata.

VANHAM, D.; MEKONNEN, M. M.; HOEKSTRA, Y. A. (2013) The water footprint of the EU for different diets. Ecological Indicators, n. 32, p. 1-8.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2012) Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking water: The challenge of extending and sustaining services, GLAAS report. WHO Press, Switzerland.

WUTICH, A.; YORK, M. A.; BREWIS, A.; STOTTS, R.; ROBERTS, C. M. (2012) Shared cultural norms for justice in water institutions: Results from Fiji, Ecuador, Paraguay, New Zealand, and the U.S. J. Env. Manage., n. 113, p. 370-376.

YANG, Z.; MAO, X.; ZHAO, X.; CHEN, B. (2012) Ecological network analysis on global virtual water trade. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 46, n. 3, p. 1796-1803.

ZHAO, X.; YANG, H.; YANG, Z.; CHEN, B.; QIN, Y. (2010) Applying the input-output method to account for water footprint and virtual water trade in the Haihe River basin. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 44, n. 23, p. 9150-9156.

فروشگاه اینترنتی