Comparing the environmental impacts of ethyl biodiesel production from soybean oil and beef tallow through lca for brazilian conditions
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
صندلی اداریAbstract
The present paper sought compare the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of biodiesel production obtained from the two raw materials most used in Brazil (soybean oil and beef tallow) through the process ethyl transesterification in an alkaline medium. The reference flow adopted for the work was the generation of power supplied 1GJ from the produced biodiesel. The data used in the inventory life cycle were calculated based on similar scientific papers. The method of assessment of environmental impacts chosen was the CML 2001 modified. Altogether, it were analyzed nine categories of environmental impacts for both processes (abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq), land use (m2a), global warming (kg CO2 eq), ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11 eq), human toxicity (kg 1,4-DB eq), freshwater ecotoxicity (kg 1,4-DB eq), terrestrial ecotoxicity (kg 1,4-DB eq), acidification (kg SO2 eq) and eutrophication (kg PO43- eq)). The results of evaluation of environmental impacts show that the biodiesel production process from soybean oil presents major environmental damage in seven categories of analyzed impacts (destruction of abiotic resources, destruction of the ozone layer, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication). The production process of biodiesel from tallow presents major environmental damage in two categories of impacts analyzed (land use and global warming). However, the results show that the absolute values of environmental damage caused by impacts of the production process using beef tallow are much more aggressive.
Downloads
Article Details
1. Proposal of Policy for Free Access Periodics
Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:
a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 that allows the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.
b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in an institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
Proposal of Policy for Periodic that offer Postponed Free Access
Authors whom publish in this magazine should agree to the following terms:
a. Authors should keep the copyrights and grant to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work simultaneously permitted under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 [SPECIFY TIME HERE] after the publication, allowing the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this magazine.
b. Authors should have authorization for assuming additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (e.g.: to publish in institutional repository or as book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
c. Authors should have permission and should be stimulated to publish and to distribute its work online (e.g.: in institutional repositories or its personal page) to any point before or during the publishing process, since this can generate productive alterations, as well as increasing the impact and the citation of the published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
d. They allow some kind of open dissemination. Authors can disseminate their articles in open access, but with specific conditions imposed by the editor that are related to:
Version of the article that can be deposited in the repository:
Pre-print: before being reviewed by pairs.
Post-print: once reviewed by pairs, which can be:
The version of the author that has been accepted for publication.
The editor's version, that is, the article published in the magazine.
At which point the article can be made accessible in an open manner: before it is published in the magazine, immediately afterwards or if a period of seizure is required, which can range from six months to several years.
Where to leave open: on the author's personal web page, only departmental websites, the repository of the institution, the file of the research funding agency, among others.
References
ABNT - BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS. (2009) NBR ISO 14040: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and Framework (in Portuguese). Brazil.
BEEFPOINT. (2013) Consumption of animal by-products is growing worldwide, and adding value is the challenge (in Portuguese). Available: http://www.beefpoint.com.br/cadeia-produtiva/aproveitamento-de-subprodutos-animais-esta-em-crescimento-no-mundo-e-agregar-valor-e-o-desafio. Access 09th September, 15.
BOCCARDO, R. C. (2004) Current overview of biodiesel. Monograph, Brazilian Training Program in Engines and Fuels (in Portuguese), Curitiba, Brazil.
CÁRDENAS, O. (2011) Heat transfer study in flame tube furnace using tallow as fuel (in Portuguese). Ph.D. Thesis (Mechanical Engineering). Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, p. 1-89.
CAVALETT, O. (2008) Analysis of Soy life cycle (in Portuguese). Ph.D. Thesis (Food Engineering). Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, p. 1-245.
CEDERBERG, C.; FLYSJÖ, A. (2004) Environmental Assessment of future pig farming systems. Report from the Swedish institute for food and biotechnology.
CHUA, C. B. H.; LEE, H. M.; CHOONG, J. S. (2010) Low, Life cycle emissions and energy study of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil and diesel in Singapore, International Journal of Life Cycle Assess,n. 15, p. 417–423.
COSTA NETO, P. R.; ROSSI, L. F. S.; ZAGONEL, G. F.; RAMOS, L. P. (2000) Alternative Biofuel production to diesel oil through transesterification of soybean oil used for frying (in Portuguese). Química Nova, v. 23, n. 4, p. 531-537.
CUNHA, J. T. (2008) Inventory life cycle of beef tallow and soybean biodiesel and diesel oil for use in city buses in São Paulo, SP. M.Sc. dissertation (Environmental Technology: Environmental Management). Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, IPTEC, São Paulo, p. 1-141.
DEMIRBAS, A. (2009) Biofuels securing the planet’s future energy needs. Energy Conversion and Management, v. 50, n. 9, p. 2239-2249.
DOMINGUES, M. S.; BERMANN, C. (2012) O arco do desmatamento na Amazônia: da pecuária à soja. Ambiente & Sociedade, v. XV, n. 2, São Paulo, 22p.
DUFOUR, J.; IRIBARREN, D. (2012) Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from free fatty acid-rich wastes, Renewable Energy n. 38, p. 155-162.
EMBRAPA – Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. (2003) Beef cattle breeding in the southeastern region: market and marketing. Brasília, 79p. Available: http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/BovinoCorte/BovinoCorteRegiaoSudeste/mercados.htm. Access: 09th September, 2015.
EMBRAPA – Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. (2002) First Brazilian inventory of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases: methane emissions in livestock. Brasília: IBGE, p. 1-79.
ESTEVES, R. A.; PEREIRA, R. G. (2016) Análise sobre a evolução do biodiesel no Brasil. Revista Espacios (Caracas), v. 37, n. 2, p. 5-23.
FELÍCIO, P. E. (1998) The farmer receives for the meat, but the ox is not only made of steaks (in Portuguese). C.R.M.V. São Paulo, v. 26, p. 15-17.
HANSEN, S. B.; OLSEN. S. I.; UJANG, Z. (2014) Carbon balance impacts of land use changes related to the life cycle of Malaysian palm oil-derived biodiesel, International Journal of Life Cycle Assess, n. 19, p. 558–566.
ISO 14040 (2009) Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland.
JANULIS, P. (2004) Reduction of energy consumption in biodiesel fuel life cycle. Renewable Energy, v. 29, n. 6, p. 861-871.
LOPES, E. M. (2006) Energy analysis and technical feasibility of producing biodiesel from tallow. M.Sc. dissertation (Energy Engineering). Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá, MG, p. 1-120.
MANIK, Y.; LEAHY, J.; HALOG, A. (2013) Social life cycle assessment of palm oil biodiesel: a case study in Jambi Province of Indonesia, International Journal of Life Cycle Assess, n. 18, p. 1386–1392.
MME, Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2003) Final report of the inter-ministerial working group in charge of presenting studies on the feasibility of using vegetable oil - biodiesel as an alternative energy source (in Portuguese), Brasília, Brazil, p. 1-15.
MORAIS, S.; MATA, T. M.; MARTINS, A. A.; PINTO, G. A., COSTA, C. A. V. (2010) Simulation and life cycle assessment of process design alternatives for biodiesel production from waste vegetables oils. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, p. 1251-1259.
MOURI, G.; AISAKI, N. (2015) Using land-use management policies to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock farming. Ecological Complexity, n. 22, p. 169–177.
NAE – Center of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic. (2005) NAE notebooks: Biofuels (in Portuguese), Secretary of Government Communication and Strategic Management. Caderno nº. 02. Brasília, Brazil.
PEREIRA, R. G.; OLIVEIRA, C. D.; OLIVEIRA, J. L.; OLIVEIRA, P. C. P.; FELLOWS, C. E.; PIAMBA, O. E. (2007) Exhaust emissions and electric energy generation in a stationary engine using blends of diesel and soybean biodiesel. Renewable Energy, v. 32, n. 14, p. 2453-2460.
QUEIRÓS, J.; MALCA, J.; FREIRE, F. (2015) Environmental life-cycle assessment of rapeseed produced in Central Europe: addressing alternative fertilization and management practices, Journal of Cleaner Production, n. 99, p. 266-274.
ROCHA, T. B. (2011) Harmonization of biofuels life cycle inventories in Brazil, M.Sc. thesis (Master in Engineering) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica e de Materiais, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, p. 1-104.
SANDER, K.; MURTHY, G. S. (2010) Life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel, International Journal of Life Cycle Assess, n. 15, p. 704–714.
SPINELLI, D.; JEZ, S.; POGNI, R.; BAOSOSI, R. (2013) Environmental and life cycle analysis of a biodiesel production line from sunflower in the Province of Siena (Italy), Energy Policy, n. 59, p. 492–506.
VIANA, M. M. (2008) Inventory sunflower oil Biodiesel life cycle. M.Sc. dissertation (Chemical Engineering). Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, p. 1-230.
WENZEL. H.; HAUSCHILD, M.; ALTING L. (1997) Environmental assessment of products. Bonton/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Publisehrs. v.1 e 2.
WILLERS, C. D. (2014) Environmental Impact Assessment of semi-intensive beef cattle. M.Sc. dissertation (Environmental Sciences). Escola de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga, p. 1-86.