THE APPLICATION OF SMART CITIES CONCEPT FOR CITIZENS OF LITHUANIA AND SWEDEN: COMPERATIVE

Urbanization and expansion of cities requires new tools to improve the quality of life of city inhabitants for all areas from mobility to leisure activities. Thus, technological development and digitalisation have been introduced into infrastructures such as rails, roads, airports, bridges, tunnels and communications. Policy of smart cities concept focuses on economy, people, mobility, governance, environment, and living. Even more, implemented framework of smart cities stimulates sustainable economic development. Smart economy is a trigger for innovations and entrepreneurship. Installed measures of smart mobility reduce traffic jams and optimise transportation systems. This research attempts to compare largest different cities of Lithuania and Sweden in the context of smart cities’ concept.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in increasingly interconnected world, urbanization process can raise a variety of socio -economic, technical and organization problems. The process of urbanization describes a shift in a population from small rural areas in which agriculture is the dominant economic activity towards one where the population is concentrated in urban settlements with industrial and service activities (MONTGOMERY et al, 2004).
In 2007, for the first time in history, the world's urban population exceeded the population living in rural settlements (UNITED NATIONS, 2014). According to the statistics of United Nations (2014), today over half of the world's population lives in urban areas. The population living in cities is expected to grow.
By 2050, around 66 per cent of global population is projected to be urban. It means that due to the concentration of people in urban areas, the coming decades will bring further changes which are integrally linked to sustainable development. On the one hand, with good planning and governance, increasing urbanization can facilitate socio -economic development.
On the other hand, unplanned urban growth might threaten sustainable development when the necessary governmental policies are not implemented (UNITED NATIONS, 2014). The world has known many examples of cities that have grown rapidly without any kind of planning. The result has been chaotic and detrimental (KIM; HAN, 2012;MCKINSEY & COMPANY, 2013;NEIROTTI et al, 2014).
As cities faces the challenges, such as performance, growth, competitiveness and others, the leaders supposed to be more flexible and forward looking, planning http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 for growing and changing populations and the impact on different aspects of city life such as transportation, education, health, pollution and others (MCKINSEY & COMPANY, 2013).

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Many cities leaders choose to transform cities into "smart cities". This label refers to new socio -economic environment in which population, enterprises, and governments can perform more efficiently (LETAIFA, 2015). However, the concept of Smart City (SC) is a relatively new. The context of SC concept is dependent on country, government, IT, communications, natural resources and other capacities (WEISI;PING, 2014;LETAIFA, 2015).
Many researchers (HOLLANDS, 2008;CARAGLIU et al, 2009;ALLWINKLE;CRUICKSHANK, 2011;BAKICI, 2012;HIELKEMA;HONGISTO, 2012;VANOLO, 2013;LETAIFA, 2015) have acknowledged the shortage of consensus on how to define smart cities and common methodology for assessing them. Due to the fact that cities vary across size, resources, infrastructure and other capacities, a need exists for a comprehensive framework that conceptualizes different components of a smart city, integrates the measures, and explains the strategic steps to follow (ZYGIARIS, 2012).
In this context, government supposed to implement policies to ensure sustainable urbanization which requires that cities generate better employment opportunities, greater income, and living conditions and welfare; expand the necessary infrastructure; ensure appropriate access to services; reduce the number of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion; and preserve the natural assets (UNITED NATIONS, 2014).
This research attempts to compare largest different cities of Lithuania and Sweden in the context of smart cities' concept. Due to the shortage and mismatching statistical information, the paper is bounded with only four following indicators: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart governance. All other factors are not considered here. That is the major limitation of this paper.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews previous studies on Smart City concept and analyses different approaches and research methodology.
The investigations are summarized and the main insights are provided. On the basis of theoretical insights and statistics data, section 3 compares the Lithuanian and http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 Swedish cities in the context of smart cities. Section 4 concludes summarizing the main trends observed.

Literature review on Smart City concept
The concept of smart cities is very close to other similar concepts such as intelligent and creative cities. The line among these three concepts is very blurry (HOLLANDS, 2008). Historically, the concept of intelligent city has been the first. It has referred to top-down approaches with the main focus on technologies and the strong emphasis on optimization through technology (ZYGIARIS, 2012;WALRAVENS, 2015). These cities have integrated all conditions of their infrastructures such as rails, roads, airports, bridges, tunnels and communications (WALRAVENS, 2015).
The concept of creative cities highlights the opposite bottom-up approach.
Such kind of cities usually relies on community-based and private sector initiatives, social entrepreneurship without a focus on coordination and a long-term vision. The initiatives of creative cities often fail to become sustainable due to the shortage of resources and formal leadership (HARTLEY et al, 2012;LETAIFA, 2014).
In recent years, the concept of smart cities has been quite popular in the policy arena (LOMBARDI et al, 2012). In the scientific literature, this has been described from different viewing angles. In smart cities context, the main focus of Giffinger et al. (2007) is on well performing and a forward-looking way in economy, people, mobility, governance, environment, and living. Hollands (2008) noted that smart cities relied on "implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures to support social and urban growth through improving the economy, citizens' involvement and governmental efficiency".
Smart cities are the result of innovation ecosystem, which involves wideranging social interactions and educated labor force that generates value through information use (KOMNINOS, 2008;LETAIFA, 2015). According to Caragliu et al. (2009), smart cities are safe, secure, environmental and efficient urban centres with advanced infrastructures, which stimulate sustainable economic development. Dirks and Keeling (2009) argued that a smart city consists of the urban services, and residents, transport and communication, business, water and energy http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 supply systems. Moreover, the concept of smart cities relates to the use of smart computing technologies in city administration, healthcare, education, public safety, transportation, and real estate (WASHBURN et al, 2010).

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Many scholars (HOLLANDS, 2008;SHAPIRO, 2008;GIRAD et al, 2009;DEAKIN, 2010;ALLWINKLE;CRUICKSHANK, 2011;LOMBARDI et al, 2012;BAKICI et al, 2012;LETAIFA, 2015) have agreed that smart cities are intelligent and creative. However, they differ from intelligent and creative cities by focusing on balance of technology, institutions and citizens. The focus is on neither a bottom-up nor top-down approaches. The concept of smart cities integrates formal leadership and democratic participation in the IT-based urban ecosystem (ZYGIARIS, 2012;LETAIFA, 2015).
Despite smart cities' focus on the role of IT infrastructure, many studies has also been carried out on the role of social and human capital and environmental factors as important drivers of urbanization process (LOMBARDI et al, 2012). It has been noted, that the term of smart cities has been used in association with various aspects, such as economy, business, education, government administration, modern technologies and other aspects referring to life in a city (GIFFINGER et al, 2007;EZKOWITZ, 2008;CARAGLIU et al, 2009;LOMBARDI et al, 2012).
Moreover, in order to assess performance of smart cities, the framework has been proposed by Lombardi et al. (2012). This framework has focused on the measurement of different aspects and linking these to the main dimensions of a smart city. These aspects have included as follows: smart economy, smart people, smart living, smart mobility, smart environment and smart governance (GIFFINGER et al, 2007;GIRARD et al, 2009;NEIROTTI et al, 2014;LETAIFA, 2015) (Table 1).

Smart economy
Public expenditure on research and development, innovations and entrepreneurship, public expenditure on education, gross domestic product per capita, debt of municipal authority per resident, unemployment rate, employment rate in high tech and creative industries, annual household income, energy intensity, renewable energy, financial intermediation, culture and entertainment industry, hotels and restaurants.

Smart people
Percentage of population aged 15-64 with secondary level education, percentage of population aged 15-64 with higher education, percentage of population working in education sector, city representatives per resident, foreign language skills, level of computers skills, patent applications per inhabitant, participation in life-long learning.

Smart environment
Annual energy consumption, total CO2 emissions, efficient use of electricity, annual water consumption, efficient use of water, area in green space, greenhouse gas emission intensity of energy consumption, population exposure to air pollution, percentage of population engaged in environmental activity, percentage of citizens travelling to work on public transport, percentage of total energy derived from renewable resources.
Smart governance E-Government usage by citizens (percentage of individuals who have used the Internet for interaction with public authorities in the last 3 months, E-democracy (usage of innovative ICT to support ballots, green and fair-trade public procurement), percentage of households with Internet access at home, transparency enabling citizens to access official documents in a simple way and to take part in the decision processes. Source: GIFFINGER et al. (2007) To sum up, scientific literature review has revealed that there is no agreement on the exact definition of a smart city. However, a number of the main indicators describing smart cities' performance have been identified.

Methodology and data
In order to measure the level of the smartness of cities, the comparative analysis of the major Swedish (Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö) and Lithuanian cities (Vilnius, Kaunas) has been performed.
Smart economy, smart environment, smart mobility, and smart governance have been selected for the analysis. For obtaining detailed and more precisely results, each of these criterion groups is divided in the sub-criteria (Table 2). The selection of indicators is limited by the availability, quality and the volume of statistical information. After the analysis on available information in the official statistics databases, mismatching data needed for assessing the smart cities of Sweden and Lithuania has been noticed (Table 3).   and smart governance. Real GDP per capita and unemployment define smart economy, people mobility is used to assess smart mobility, amount of CO2, areas covered by forests or green areas describe smart environment; while smart governance is defined as a percentage of households with Internet access at home.

THE INTERPRETATION OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The rapid process of urbanization led to expansion of major cities.  http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 The obvious differences in real GDP per capita result in the possibilities to use the growth of economy and its potential in the various sectors of activity. According to analysis, the growth of the Lithuanian economy is one of the most rapid in the European Union. However, compared with Swedish GDP growth in 2016, a decreasing trend is visible.

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The level of digitization of a country and cities is influenced by the possibilities to use information technologies. One of the main objectives is the dissemination and availability of information to cities inhabitants and possibilities to apply smart technologies in a general system of a city. The wireless Internet hotspots, highspeed Internet, and a general development of an infrastructure (an establishment of a smart house, e-ticket, e-baking, e-government, etc.) would allow implementing these objectives. This analysis employs indicators, which are most commonly used with the aim to measure an effect of digitization in terms of a smart city. Thus, a computer use, an Internet access, and application of information technologies in general have been taken in account (Table 4). Analysed data revealed significant differences among age groups in interest and application of IT. Most users of such technologies are inhabitants at age of 16-24 and represent more than 90% of all IT users. It might be assumed that senior people find to use the information technologies too difficult. Thus, it complicates the evaluation of possibilities in using smart devices and their actual benefits.  The presented data suggests, that Lithuanians use public transport services less often than the Swedes do. The notion, that 71% of Lithuanians and 80% of Swedes are satisfied with the public transport services, reflects the popularity of such services. During period of 2010-2015, in Lithuanian major cities number of inhabitants using the city transport has increased substantially: by 13% in Vilnius and by 11% in Kaunas, respectively.
For reducing mobility problems in Vilnius, a traffic flow monitoring and regulation system has been installed, which enabled to renovate and combine all the traffic lights of the city into one-traffic management centre. After installation of the system, the average length of a trip has decreased, despite the fact that, over the last decade, the number of vehicles in Vilnius has increased by 40%. In Vilnius public transport network has become smarter as well. The electronic ticket-card has been introduced, buses and trolleybuses routes have been re-planned more effectively, and new rapid bus routes have been introduced.
Taking the aforementioned data into account, it might be stated that the volume of CO2 emissions polluting the environment in Lithuania has not contributed much to fulfilling the requirements related to preserving the nature. In 2010, the green gas emissions amounted to more than 63 tonnes, while in 2015 the CO2 emissions amounted to more than 65 tonnes, respectively. In Sweden, the volume of the CO2 emissions was reduced from 7,94 tonnes in 2000 to 7 tonnes in 2008.
Increasing the number of city residents results in reducing the green zones.
The growing need for the residential or office buildings and the scale of constructions are the alternatives to these areas (Figure 3). http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236  It is noticed that size of green zones in Lithuanian cities have not changed much or remained stable during the analysed period. This may be due to fact that construction of residential and industrial buildings is expanding to territories outside the city. When analysing the area of the green zones of Sweden per capita, a decreasing trend of has been observed, which is adequate to growth of population ( Figure 4).  http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017ISSN: 2236 a city. Thus, it might be assumed that these changes are related to the changes in labour and real estate markets.

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Furthermore, the impact of digitalisation, in the concept of smart city, is measured as quality and possibilities to use e-services on governmental and municipality levels. In Vilnius, the institutions providing the first level and the second level services via the Internet have taken a dominant position during a period of analysis. This might be explained due to increase the scope of services provided via the Internet on third-fifth level. Even more, it is encouraged by increasing number of households, which owned personal computers and has the Internet access in major Lithuanian cities. Vilnius has employed the means of smart governance. The city website has been designed, which provides possibility for residents of the city to communicate with the politicians, to express their opinion in polls, and to submit electronic petitions, other proposals.
The mentioned changes in a public sector required additional investments, which allowed ensuring the smoothness of digitization process and actual benefits for the city residents that use these services. In 2015, the recent investments represented 50% in Sweden, 30% in Lithuania, and 42% in the 28 member states of the European Union, respectively. However, in Lithuania inward FDI are even below the average investment amounts in the European Union. An efficiency of public administration reflects on current situation (Efficiency of public administration): 68% in Sweden and 44% in Lithuania, respectively. A similar trend remained while analysing the quality of life in these countries. According to the data of OECD, in 2015, 97% of Swedes and 75% of Lithuanians, respectively, were satisfied about their quality of life (Life satisfaction in European cities).
When analysing the collected data on the cities, which participated in the PLEC project and the data of the reports of the TUWIEN research group, two major cities of Lithuania (Kaunas and Vilnius) and three major cities of Sweden (Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö) are highlighted. The results presented in figure   5 indicate summarised meanings of respective indicators, which define the smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart governance in analysed cities.  Taking the general trends of urbanisation and digitalisation into account, the projects on implementing smart city concept supposed to be improved or implemented faster (to expand the system of smart governance, to upgrade the

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http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 4, October -December 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i4.659 m.Ticket and m.Parking applications, to renovate the public transport fleet, etc. in Vilnius). However, it might be admitted that implementing the concept of smart city would not ensure a positive effect in itself. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to use modern information technologies and employ smart solutions for improving quality of life of city residents.

CONCLUSIONS
The review of various studies reveals that there is no single accepted model of a smart city used in practice. Even more, it remains debatable the level of smartness in every criterion (smart economy, smart mobility, smart governance, Due to the shortage and availability of data, the comparison has been limited.
It has been noticed that in Lithuania the data needed for evaluation of smart city, is not stored and even not collected annually in centralised manner. Thus, in order to assess the improvement of city smartness or country smartness, the databases supposed to be improved and new indicators supposed to be introduced.