SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS ON LEAN PRODUCTION AND WORLD CLASS MANUFACTURING: HOW ARE ASSOCIATED IN THE LITERATURE?

This paper aims to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify how to configure the publications that relate WCM and Lean Production issues. Therefore, a search on the Brazilian metasearch portal called CAPES Periodicals was conducted focusing on articles of the last five years. They were identified after screening and filtering a total of 42 articles, which were analyzed. The construction of the network analysis has identified that the issues are still in an initial phase of association, with the characteristic part of decentralizes networks, with some points of greatest association. It was also identified that the theme Lean Production has greater representation between the two topics due its higher use by authors.


INTRODUCTION
The global competitiveness, seeking increased profitability, has become the main objective of the companies in the current environment due to the expansion of segments in the same production chain. This aspect brings the constant need for improvement of organizational production system, boosting the use of administrative strategies which assist in the selection of appropriate techniques and tools to achieve a better industrial production, ensuring their stay in the market (BORGES; OLIVEIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2013). Every production process, no matter how good are their management, and their activities achieve controlled and planned tasks, it is still possible to identify points to be improved (GOETSCH;DAVIS, 2014).
In this sense, among many existing theories, the approach called World Class Manufacturing (WCM) shows to be efficient with regard to elimination of losses and has been able to enter into organizations that aim to achieve high levels of perfection in their production levels. In concomitant period the WCM approach was to rise the Lean philosophy, known in organizational environments such as Lean Production System and had to cradle the Toyota Production System, which has been studied and applied as a management model to inherit a strong culture that is characterized by the production control through perfect techniques, continuous improvement, and that has brought excellent results to organizations over the years (SMITH, 2011).
The reflection of great importance in the business world can be seen through the quantitative analysis of publications related to topics discussed here. Performing a matter of Lean Production in the Brazilian metasearch portal CAPES Periodicals (Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination) are identified 2.623 articles published in peer-reviewed journals over the past five years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015). Since the search for the subject WCM resulted in a total of 6.070 documents. However, although the large number of studies between these two topics in the literature, there are not available research that shows this interrelationship of WCM approach and the Lean Production System techniques, featuring this regard a research gap. This way, before these two themes, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) becomes all-important, as it can provide other researchers find study materials have been finalized and filtered. It also allows time and resources economy, provides mapping in which specific areas the studies are being developed and it is possible http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017ISSN: 2236 and most relevant checking for gaps in the literature that can be explored by other researchers have not yet identified the lack of studies review (CONFORTO; AMARAL;SILVA, 2012). These factors, this research seeks to answer the problem checked: In what areas of study are concentrated scientific research involving topics Lean Production and World Class Manufacturing? In this context, this research has aimed at making a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify how to configure the publications that relate WCM and Lean Production.

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For development of the present study it was divided into sections, where the first part deals with the introduction, objectives, found problems, and the importance that justifies this production. The second section consists of literature review, which enabled the explanation and origin of the themes elucidated. The third topic contains the explanation of the adopted methodological concepts, from carrying out the procedures used to collect data as well as construction of the database. The fourth part shows the results. By the end, the fifth and final section reports the considerations of all developed production.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: WCM AND LEAN PRODUCTION
The World Class Manufacturing is among the strategies to enhance the production. Its techniques are based on "concept of zero waste, zero breakdown, zero defects and zero stock" (BORGES; OLIVEIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2013). This strategy becomes suitable for companies looking to minimize costs of its activities, increase its excellence and hence competitiveness across sectors (GAJDZIK, 2013;SOUZA;LIMA, 2003).
The origin of the concept of WCM took place in the 1980s through case studies of successful companies (BORGES; OLIVEIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2013). His term was coined by Hayes and Wheelwright (HAYES;WHEELWRIGHT, 1984) to describe the capabilities developed by Japanese and German companies, which had a higher level of production when compared to other industries. The excellent performance in global competition of these companies generated the term "World Class Manufacturing" (EID, 2009).
The WCM includes success against competitors and organizational profitability in a competitive international environment. His approach is related to the absolute competitive advantage and the best producers (HOSSEINIE; SHIRAZI; http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017ISSN: 2236MEHR, 2012;PALUCHA, 2012) can define this as the best practice.
Achieve the performance of a world-class organization involves important assignments, including: become a globally successful manufacturer; recognize the business environment and free competition, threats, opportunities and competitive advantages; and prepare and stay in this environment with industrial planning and manufacturing (HOSSEINIE; SHIRAZI; ASHLOGHI; MEHR; AN, 2012).
The competitive advantages pointed to an organization that achieves worldclass are studied and listed in different ways by different authors that characterize points as improved profitability, training, product development, better quality, quick reaction against competitors, production programs, attention to customer needs, reasonable prices, delivery, flexibility, quality management, reducing the supply of goods, cost of production, innovation, strategy, systems and structures, accountability, performance measurement, values and fundamental objectives, culture and competitors (BORGES; OLIVEIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2013; CHIARINI; VAGNONI, VAGNONI, 2014;SCHONBERGER, 1996).
These different features that allow pointing to competitive advantage and classify the organization as a world class result in the attempt by the researchers to establish models to measure and classify an organization such as WCM (HOSSEINIE; SHIRAZI; ASHLOGHI; MEHR; PALUCHA, 2012;NG;HUNG, 2001;ASKARI, 2004;MOTWANI;KATHAWALE;KATHAWALE;WCM, 1994). Other researches also aimed to identify the critical success factors for the implementation of WCM (XIE, 1995;SVENSSON;KLEFSJO, 2001).
Note, through these studies conducted in various research fronts, there is still need for further elucidate a topic considered again, and it lacks progress in its

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http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 theory. It is known (PALUCHA, 2012) that the adoption of a management organization, in accordance with the principles of WCM, is based on reliable methods, high quality tools, and extensive involvement of all employees and company managers. Also in the management aspect, Yamashina (2000) cited by (BORGES; OLIVEIRA; OLIVEIRA, 2013) complements the use of WCM is divided into four steps: identify the problem, identify the loss, define the method to be adopted for restoration and control the results.
The elucidated points that depict the WCM as the organizational pursuit of excellence through modern approaches, the use of techniques and tools and the elimination / minimization of losses in the process, brings a strong adherence to the principles of the philosophy of Lean Production System (PALUCHA, 2012).
The main appearance of the Lean Production system happened at the end of World War II, when the Japanese industry had to rethink their production model, appearing then the Toyota Production System (TPS), which due to the lack of productive resources, sought to produce lowest possible cost, especially fighting waste (OHNO, 1988).
The term Lean Production was set in the late 1980s in a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), who studied the global automotive industry, with the main focus on the Japanese model of Toyota, aiming to map best practices industry, through interviews with employees, union and government officials. The Lean Production System's philosophy identifying and minimizing or phasing out of waste sources, based on five fundamental principles: the definition of (i) value from the view of the customer and their needs, and then determined the necessary activities to offer the product to the customer at the lowest level waste through the definition of (ii) the value chain. Search is then manufacturing the product using a (iii) continuous flow; which is triggered only when the client makes the request. That is, using a (iv) Pull Production. From these four principles and the use of continuous improvement (kaizen) or radical improvements (kaikaku) is reached the fifth (v) fundamental principle that is the perfection of the system When reviewing the implementation of Lean Production system in enterprises, it is noted that it can use various techniques and tools, which should take place in a coordinated and structured way (PETTERSEN, 2009;HUNTER, 2004) and assist in this process of minimization and / or elimination of waste, bringing results for the organization as reducing lead times, reduced costs, improved quality and increased productivity, making them agile and more competitive (WALTER; TUBINO, 2004;SAURIN;RIBEIRO;MARODING, 2010). Thus, the techniques and tools are a great help in improving a product or process in various kinds of organizations (FELD, 2001).

Within this context, there is a strong synergy between the World Class
Manufacturing approach (WCM) to achieve competitiveness with global levels recommended by the great performance and reduce waste, and that can be implemented through the use of Lean philosophy, and the techniques and tools that support this system.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research can be considered theoretical because it was developed with bibliographical sources of information gathered through the metasearch portal of CAPES journals along the bases of the Production Engineering and Human and Social Sciences. In these bases were found 24 search sources, among which are This research may also, as your goal, be classified as methodologically descriptive because in the search for information and characteristics of the particular subject seeking to know the factors involved, the objectives outlined, and the targeting of studies (MONSEN; HORN, 2007).

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http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 The technique employed to conduct the analysis of publications in this study is bibliometric. This type of survey is one of the methods developed for the systematic review of the literature on a subject or more proposed, having been worked by the Belgian Paul Otlet, which generated over a new field for the measurement of all aspects relating to the publication, reading books and documents, and thus has a characteristic of being methodical, transparent and replicable (ROUSSEAU, 2014;COOK;MULROW;HAYNES, 1997). This research adopted the methodology created by Levy and Ellis (LEVY;ELLIS, 2006), (see Figure 1) which shows a SLR through a process consists of three steps that meet the criteria of this study. However, some modifications and adjustments were needed to comply with the standards defined herein to be achieved, which also reinforce and create the foundation for responding to problems and thus remain the goal.  (2006) The process as described, is divided into three stages, where the second stage is the highest concentration of business (LEVY; ELLIS, 2006): Step 1: Input -its main point is to define the issue proposed connecting all the facts and the objective of which must be very well aligned so that there is clarity and are feasible (CRESWELL, 2013). Above all, here are initiated primary searches on pre-identified databases and stations as collection points, among so you need full attention and rigor in the collection, since this data will become a search of the database (CONFORTO; AMARAL; SILVA, 2012). For this study we performed a time

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http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 frame in the corresponding period of the last five years (2010 to 2015), where this way it was possible to raise a current database, with demonstration of the latest articles published.
Step 2: Processing -Concentrate the six data processing stages, which are the most important, being comprised as follows: 6th. Stage -Evaluate: describe the results achieved through the analysis and compilation of data, and by the end, to answer the problems found and make considerations about the whole study developed.
Step 3: Output -It is connected with the output of the whole process conducted where it can be disposed in the assessment base built for the research, http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 which in the process of remaking Step 2 as many times as necessary can be excluded by checking and finding that really. It does not belong to adopted people (LEVY;ELLIS, 2006). This way, for raising this study, the search strings were rethought so that the derivatives of words were also found being applied in isolation and later the crossing of the following: (i) "lean production" OR "lean manufacturing"; (ii) "world class manufacturing" OR "world-class" OR "word-class manufacturing"; (iii) "lean production" OR "lean manufacturing" AND "world class manufacturing" OR "worldclass" OR "word-class manufacturing".
In this light, better elucidated in Figure

RESULTS
As noted in section 3, 42 articles that address the research themes were identified. Table 1 lists these articles. The column "Article Number" stands out as the basis for locating the articles in the figures related to the analysis of social networks.
The authors, year of publication and the published periodical are presented along with this numbering.   : 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 can be caused by a variety of reasons, from the researchers' lack of interest in relating the issues to working on administrative strategies in isolation. It is also difficult to identify theoretical studies that indicate how theoretical convergence occurs between the two administrative strategies, and that in some articles that report practice in the business environment highlight the positive results achieved, but do not outline the way to tread for success.   http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017ISSN: 2236 This aspect can be explained by the term Lean Production concept is inherited from the Toyota Production System, which was born in the automotive sector (YAMASHINA, 2000). Large companies with high power and production technology that use such methods becoming search target for the development of studies and developments of theory. However, as is the quantitative approach is related to several different attempts at achieving measure processes in respect to construction of algorithms, or software.

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This shows that the scientific productions inherent in the issues under study are in traditional sectors of transformation of industrial goods, and few studies conducted by the agro-industrial sector and services.  http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017ISSN: 2236 States are the largest producer of research on the issues and have the majority of researchers, being 41 in total. The UK and India stand out with 22 and 15 researchers, respectively, followed by Brazil, Canada and China with 8 researchers each. These six main generators of knowledge countries concentrate 70% of the publications.  http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017ISSN: 2236  In analyzing social networks, the most important aspect is to identify the most cohesive subgroups of actors (SCOTT, 2012). It is noted that this network of actors presents three main groups.  This stage of low maturity refers to the classification of Grandori and Soda (1995) for a Social Asymmetric Network, in other words, a configuration not governed by formal contracts in relationships, and asymmetry between the surveyed subjects (higher prevalence of certain themes, though not occur extreme asymmetries). This classification is quite consistent, and predictable, since the opposing themes have not yet established their areas of concentration and performance, or in the terminology of Flingstein (1996) their organizational fields.

INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)
The World Class Manufacturing keyword, which was one of the search terms, presented in a single connection and is used for only two publications as keywords.
Already the word Lean Production is more binding and strength. A possible understanding of this context can be understood because metasearch Portal CAPES http://www.ijmp.jor.br v. 8, n. 2, April -June 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.596 use search across the full text when allocated a word or term, being considered all the elements such as title, abstract, keywords, and all remainder.
Still referring to social network analysis, is strengthened by the word cloud job in Figure 9, the power to simulate the amount of repetition that keywords present when allocated in order to achieve tabular. This cloud shows that there is a concentration of words Lean Production, small and medium enterprises, inventory management, lean manufacturing, supply chain management, manufacturing systems, and India. Note that the term World Class Manufacturing presents little attention within the research, confirming that while research on the subject are conducted, there is a low citation index compared theme Lean Production.

CONCLUSIONS
This study is proposing to conduct a bibliometric research publication on the topics Lean Production and World Class Manufacturing. The metasearch Portal CAPES that joins various high reference scientific bases and reliability was used.
They identified 42 publications that addressed the issues in the last five years and this goal has identified important aspects about the studies conducted.
As for the identified results, we note that during the years 2010 and 2011 more researches were developed and that by the year 2014 these studies were in decline. Even until the first half of 2015 were found within the metasearch only two publications. It is assumed, which is slow the studies of investigation time, and also
It was found that although distributed to publications, research has their researchers as a country of origin the United States showing greater contribution to the development of themes. However, denoted Japan, the country where it was inherited one of the subjects, with only one participant researcher will be shown.
Regarding the study of the network of actors, note that this is presented in an early stage to maturity, appearing for the most part as decentralized, but with actions to become distributed in some subjects, indicating that researchers. They begin to glimpse the association between topics.