IDENTIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTING STYLES AND PARENT’S PERFECTIONISM WITH NORMAL STUDENTS’ AND GIFTED STUDENTS’ PERFECTIONISM

Psychologists stated that parents’ functions and behaviors influence the formation of children’s thoughts, behaviors and emotions This study aimed to identify the relationship of parenting styles and parents’ perfectionism with normal students’ perfectionism and gifted students’ perfectionism. The study is a descriptive correlation study. The population consisted of all normal and gifted female high school students of Karaj. A sample of 200 students was selected using random sampling method. Data was collected using Hill’s perfectionism questionnaire and BAUMRIND’s parenting styles questionnaire. Researcher used simultaneous multivariate regression and independent sample t-test methods for data analysis. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between perfectionism of normal student’s parents and perfectionism of gifted student’s parents but there is no statistically significant difference between their parenting styles.


INTRODUCTION
Academically gifted students exhibit high performance capability in intellectual areas, specific academic fields, or in both intellectual areas and specific academic fields.Myths that academically gifted students don't need help as they will do fine in their own and they are happy, popular and well-adjusted in school, have been proven wrong (TAM; PHILLIPSON, 2013).
Psychological researches stated that all children have potential abilities when they born, but because of various genetic and environmental reasons these abilities can be more in some people and less in others.According to studies the majority of population has a middle level of talent and a minority has more intelligence.Also a minority of population has little intelligence.Gifted students have various capabilities.
It seems that parents have a meaningful impact on their gifted children.
Findings show that parents' attitudes and approaches have meaningful impact on gifted children's motivations and academic achievements.Because of some social, emotional, behavioral and educational perilous factors, education of gifted children is more challenging (MORAWSKA;SANDERS, 2009).
Psychologists stated that parents' functions and behaviors significantly influence the formation of children's thoughts, behaviors and emotions (CONGER et al,1992).: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.501Perfectionism is a personality construct and is characterized with features such as trying to be perfect and having some hard extreme measures for individual's functions (STOEBER ; OTTO, 2006;SLANEY;ASHBY;TRIPPI, 1995;FROST et al, 1990;HEWITT;FLETT, 1991).

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Most of researchers believe that family and social environment have an important role in establishment and growing of children's perfectionism and also believe that perfectionism rooted in childhood experiences especially parent-child relationships.(BLATT, 1995;SOROTZKIN, 1998;VIETH;TRULL, 1999).many research have been done to identify the roles of personality and parenting styles to the development of positive and negative perfectionism (BESHARAT et al., 2011).
Perfectionism responses produced independent clusters of unhealthy perfectionists, healthy perfectionists, and non-perfectionists.results revealed that both healthy-and non-perfectionists had significantly higher perceptions of maternal and paternal authoritativeness than unhealthy perfectionists Results indicate that exposure to heightened authoritative parenting may play a role in developing healthy perfectionist orientations (or decrease the likelihood of developing unhealthy perfectionist orientations) in youth sport (SAPIEIA et al., 2011).
Father's authoritarian style was significantly associated with dimensions of perfectionism in children, and father's authoritative style predicted changes in children's other oriented perfectionism.It can be concluded that authoritarian style of parenting effect on the development of children's perfectionistic characteristics (BESHARAT et al., 2011).
The results of a study found that positive perfectionism was significantly predicted by several factors including paternal authoritative style, openness to experiences, maternal authoritative style, and conscientiousness.On the other hand, negative perfectionism was significantly predicted by maternal authoritarian style, neuroticism, and paternal authoritarian style.As predicted, permissive parenting style showed no contribution in predicting positive and negative perfectionism.
Implications, limitations, and recommendation of the study are addressed briefly in this research (BASIRON et al.,2014).

Psychoanalytic Theory
According to instinct theory, FREUD assumed that a strong stimulus such as neurotic need to be perfect should be instinctive.People who have strong need to be perfect increase expectations of themselves to the extent that will be destroyed under its weight.

Gestalt Theory
PIRLZ is one of the Gestalt theorists.He believes that all unfinished conditions -Incomplete Gestalt-form human.He says every one tends to integrity and perfection.Everything makes him away from this Gestalt -reaching perfection-is harmful

BANDURA's Social Learning Theory
BANDURA believes that human's behavior is a self-regulation behavior.
Humans learn performance criteria via experience.If his performance is coordinated with his criteria, he will evaluate his performance positive.Rigid extremist criteria for self-evaluation leads to depression, discouragement and feelings of worthlessness.

Humanism Theory
The theorists of this theory such as ROGERS believe that human beings have an important brilliant motivation equipped from their birth.They have strong orientation to flourish and spreading all potential forces and abilities.

Rational-Emotional Theory
ALICE was the first cognitive-behavioral Theorist that explained perfectionism.From the view of this theorist, perfectionism is one of twelve irrational beliefs that lead to psychological distress.ALICE defined perfectionism as following: Acceptance of the belief that man/woman should be completely worthy and clever and should be leading in all matters.

Perfectionism)
Perfectionism has a multi-dimensional structure and can be distinguished in two basic forms.Negative perfectionism-non adaptive-markers people who are wildly afraid of making mistakes, forecast their decisions, show delay in their work, and totally perfectionism is a kind of work blocker for them.In comparison, positive perfectionism -adaptive-markers people who their perfectionism attempts is enjoyable instead of paralyzing.

Three-Dimension Perfectionism
The concept of perfectionism posed by Hewitt and Flett, and empirical evidences supported it.Perfectionism includes three dimensions: self-centered perfectionism, other-centered perfectionism and society-centered perfectionism.The other-centered perfectionism is having perfectionist expect of others who are important like parents' perfectionist expect of children.

Predisposing Factors of the Formation of Perfectionism
Factors related to the development of perfectionism are defined as: factors related to parents, individual factors and biological factors.

Parenting Style
Parenting style consists of different elements combining to create an emotional atmosphere in which parents can declare their educative attitudes and activities to their children.
Parenting styles can be named as one of the features of family which is effective in children's growing up.As a causal factor, parenting style is the most important factor affecting perfectionism.Researchers believe that perfectionism is the result of the interaction of children with parents.

BAUMRIND Parenting Style
The most widespread typology of parenting in vest belongs to Baumrind (1966).BAUMRIND identified three parenting styles: authoritarian, magisterial and easy-taking (MANDARA, 2003).
The studies of Snowden and Christian (1999) show that parents having authoritarian parenting style -showing good parenting behaviors-support all aspects of growing such as suitable social, Cultural and educational opportunities.In a study,
Magisterial parenting style is in contrast to the sense of autonomy of gifted children (MORAWSKA;SANDERS, 2009).So, understanding these styles and their impact on children's behavior will provide developments

KROHNE & PULSAC Parenting styles
These parenting styles have two positive dimensions and three negative dimensions.Protection: A child's feeling about the amount of protection he/she receives in his/her activities.Praise: the amount of positive words a child receives.
These are positive parenting styles.Blaming: a way parents show negative verbal reaction to their children.Restriction: not permitting or not encouraging child's spontaneous behaviors or decisions.Instability: perceived instability in parent's behaviors by the child.These are negative parenting styles.

ADLER parenting styles
ADLER is one of the theorists of parenting styles.STEIN added some matters to his point of view and presented a category as following: • Promising style: parents confirm and respect child.
• Very easy going style: Parents give a lot of advantages to the child but they are careless to his/her main requirements • Very obedient style: Parents surrender their child.
• Very serious style: parents monitor their child's behavior permanently.
• Perfectionist style: parents have high standards and will accept the child just if his/her performance is in accordance with standards.
• Very responsible style: because of different reasons such as economic conditions, death or illness of a parent, may assume heavy responsibilities to their children.
• Driving away style: parents don't accept the child and treat him/her like a nuisance.

. Personality Features of Parents
The results of studies show that children who have high level of perfectionism attempts-individual criteria, self-centered perfectionism-have parents with high level of perfectionism attempts.(STOEBER; OTTO, 2006) 2.2.7.6.Attachment Style Besides parenting style, attachment is the other factor relating to the formation of perfectionism.

Unreasonable Assessment
Irrational thinking means any thought causing Thrill, destructive and disintegrative behavior.And its result is impairment of joy and happiness.

Biological Factors
These factors are as following: Self-honor, self-assertive, achievement motivation and academic achievement.
Considering the abnormality of perfectionism, identifying the relationship between parenting styles and children's perfectionism will promote the perfectionism and personality theories.Teaching suitable parenting styles practically, it also helps education involved people to prevent this abnormal construction Therefore, this study aims to identify the relationship between parenting styles and parents' perfectionism and normal students' perfectionism and gifted students' perfectionism.Accordingly, the research hypotheses are as follows:

General hypotheses:
• H1: the perfectionism of gifted students' parents and normal students' parents predicts perfectionism of gifted and normal students.
• H2: the parenting styles of gifted students' parents and normal students' parents predict perfectionism of their children.

Dedicated hypotheses:
• H1: the perfectionism of gifted students' parents is different from the perfectionism of normal students' parents.

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http://www.ijmp.jor.brv. 8, n. 1, January -March 2017 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10.14807/ijmp.v8i1.501In explaining the research findings, it can be said that although parent's parenting style is one of the predictors of students' perfectionism, but it is not the only factor, and several factors such as biological agents are involved in children's perfectionism.

CONCLUSION
In this study the relationship between parenting styles and parents' perfectionism and normal students' perfectionism and gifted students' perfectionism was investigated.None of the dimensions of parents' perfectionism alone predict adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of gifted and normal students.According to results adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of gifted and normal students cannot be explained by parenting style.
Results confirm that the gifted students' parent's perfectionism subscales like adaptive perfectionism, maladaptive perfectionism, order and organization, trying to be perfect and interpersonal sensitivity are different from the normal student's parents.Also gifted student's adaptive perfectionism, maladaptive perfectionism, interpersonal sensitivity, trying to be perfect, order and organization, perceived pressure and high standards are different from normal students.
Results indicate that none of the dimensions of parents' parenting styles alone predict adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of gifted and normal students.