possible
to develop a task to optimize the sown area of crops in order to preserve the
quality of land. The results of solving the formed problem showed the need to limit the
sown area under crops, the cultivation of which leads to the loss of humus in
the soil; in particular, it is proposed to limit the sown area under sunflower.
The
results of the study allowed us to draw the following conclusions: a positive effect on the
quality of soils from the cultivation of annual and perennial grasses was
established, which requires an increase in sown areas under these crops;
promising indicators for achieving a deficit-free balance of humus in soils
during the cultivation of crops have been identified; an algorithm for choosing
solutions to ensure balanced use of agricultural land in the agricultural
sector has been developed that the presented procedure for choosing solutions
will increase the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural land
use; it
is established that for the realization of certain goals in the system of land
use, the decisive importance should be given to the consideration and
coordination of environmental, economic and social interests.
Keywords: humus balance, model, optimization,
ecological and economic factors, perspective indicators, structure of sown
areas, decision selection algorithm, rural areas, balanced land use
1.
INTRODUCTION
Resource use in the agricultural
sector should take into account the ability of natural systems to neutralize
the negative impact of the results of the use of agricultural land in the
production process and to renew their quality components. Therefore, the
process of optimizing the use of agricultural land is important, which should
be aimed at ensuring the effective implementation of agro-landscapes of the
relevant functions, while maintaining their properties as integrated
agro-ecosystems. Agro-ecological impact of crops on the qualitative
characteristics of the soil environment is an indicator of anthropogenic
pressure on agricultural land and the formation of the structure of sown areas
set aside for growing these crops.
In view of this, optimizing the
structure of sown areas of crops in the direction of balancing humus in the
soil when growing them, taking into account the impact of a number of
environmental and economic factors will ensure the most efficient use of
material and natural resources to obtain maximum output per unit area
indicators of land. This process is crucial for further planning of measures to
improve the quality of agricultural land that requires more in-depth research. Therefore, we decided to investigate the impact of
a number of environmental and economic factors on the quality of agricultural
land, when they are used for growing crops within the territory of Ukraine.
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The issues of theoretical and
methodological support of the process of preserving the quality of agricultural
lands, determining the optimal parameters of their use, substantiation of
promising indicators of land use have been reflected in the scientific works of
many scientists.
In particular, a number of
scientists focus on the problem of balancing different types of land use
(Moilanen et al., 2011), pointing to the importance of land use balancing
processes for biodiversity conservation. Other scientists (Williams et al.,
2017) studied the impact of land use on biodiversity, balancing food production
depending on the impact of production processes on land, social consequences of
applying different land use strategies.
The ways of optimization of land use
with cartographic visualization at the municipal level proposed by the team of
authors (Zaburaeva, Zaurbekov and Taimaskhanov, 2018) deserve attention. These
ways are based on the concept of balanced land use and aimed at ensuring
ecological land use.
One of the options for achieving
efficient land use is also to intensify the processes of landscape-ecological
optimization, aimed at solving a set of environmental and economic problems in
the field of land use (Kirillov, Ryabinina and Grechishkin, 2019).
A number of scientists have found
that the productivity of agricultural lands is influenced by the following
factors: agro-landscape infrastructure, optimal structure of sown areas, crop
rotations, a sufficient share of perennial grasses, the functioning of
agro-ecosystems, etc. (Trofimov, Trofimova and Yakovleva, 2017).
However, the analysed works cover,
as a rule, the theoretical principles of optimizing the use of land in the
direction of preserving their quality characteristics.
Therefore, an important component
for further improving the efficiency of land use is to assess the intensity of
environmental and economic factors on the state of individual territories and
opportunities to optimize the structure of land use based on the study of
balance of different land uses (Kapitalchuk, 2018).
Determinants from the point of view
of preservation of fertility of agricultural lands are research of balance of
nutrients in soil and influence on it of a complex of social and economic
factors (Karna and Bauer, 2020).
Some authors propose to apply the
method of parallel optimization of the structure of sown areas for the
calculation of economic and mathematical models in the traditional and
production-oriented system of land use, which is characterized by the
introduction of additional block of environmental criteria (Voronkova and
Sycheva, 2017), which is very important for maintaining soil fertility.
Also valuable are studies of
optimizing the structure of sown areas and improving the territorial
distribution of fields taking into account environmental conditions (Vazhov,
Odintsev and Kozil, 2014) and economic efficiency of production of individual
crops (Hrytsiuk, Babych and Mandziuk, 2019).
One of the methods of assessing the
impact of environmental and ecological factors on the state of natural economic
systems is the use of economic and mathematical modelling (Ivashchuk, 2008).
Nevertheless, these works do not
take into account the complex impact of a number of environmental and economic
factors on one of the main parameters that characterize the quality of
agricultural land and the possibility of using it for growing agricultural
products, namely humus content in soils.
The purpose of the article was to substantiate the example of Ukraine the optimal parameters of the structure of sown
areas of crops, taking into account the impact of a number of environmental and
economic factors and to propose the necessary measures to balance the humus content
in soils.
3.
METHODOLOGY
When conducting research on the impact of
environmental and economic factors on the quality of agricultural land, it is
crucial to minimize the negative effects of their effects on the quality
characteristics of land resources. The research
methodology included consideration of the factor of optimization of sown areas
of agricultural crops as an integral element of ensuring the improvement of the
quality of land, where the process of balancing the content of humus in the
soil plays a decisive role.
In the process of research in revealing the
essence of optimization processes and their features in the direction of
balancing the humus content in soils, as well as for the formation of a set of
indicators and their limitations used dialectical and systematic methodological
approaches. Optimization of sown areas of agricultural crops in the direction
of balancing humus in soils was carried out using the method of economic and
mathematical modeling. Methods such as
induction and deduction, as well as methods of abstraction and formalization
have been used to substantiate the use of agricultural land in order to ensure
the balance of humus in the soil, theoretical generalization and formulation of
conclusions.
We have proposed to form the optimal
structure of sown areas of agricultural crops based on the frequency of
placement of agricultural crops in crop rotations. To determine the maximum
share of crops in the structure of sown areas, we propose to use the
concentration factor, which is recommended to be calculated by the following
formula:
Kconc=1/Tmax, (1)
where
Кconc – the coefficient of concentration of sown areas of agricultural crops;
Тmax –
the maximum duration of the period of possible return of the crop to crop
rotation, years
Accordingly, the maximum share of
agricultural crops in the structure of sown areas is proposed to be determined
by the following formula:
ω= Кconc×100% (2)
We have developed a mathematical
model that can balance the humus in the soil when growing crops, adjusting the
ratio of crops in crop rotations and the area under cultivation, taking into
account the influence of factors such as crop yields and amounts of organic
fertilizers for individual crops. To achieve a balance of humus in agriculture
in Ukraine, we will take into account the following parameters:
the
area of cultivated crops;
2)
actual and maximum crop yields;
3)
maximum and minimum areas of crops in crop rotations (calculated according to
formulas 1-2);
4)
actual and optimal application of organic fertilizers;
5)
loss of humus during the cultivation of crops;
6) the
yield of plant remains in the cultivation of the crop;
7)
humification coefficients of plant remains and organic fertilizers.
To formalize the model, we use the
following notation:
Z –
humus balance in the soil; gi – coefficient of humification of plant remains of
i culture; w1i – yield of root crop residues for 
culture (t/ha); w2i – yield of surface plant remains
for і culture (t/ha); 
– humification coefficient of organic
fertilizers; 
– the amount of applied organic fertilizers
(t/ha) under culture; 
– humus consumption during cultivation culture (t/ha); 
– the area of grown culture
(thousand hectares); 
– crop capacity of agricultural
culture (t/ha); – mass of applied organic fertilizers (t/ha)
under culture; 
and 
– minimum and maximum permissible norms of
productivity of culture, accordingly (t/ha); 
– rates of application of organic fertilizers
(t/ha); 
,
– minimum and maximum standards for cultivated
area of culture, accordingly (thousand hectares); 
– the total area of crops in Ukraine (thousand
hectares).
The development of the model
involves three groups of constraints.
The first group of restrictions on
the maximum allowable yields of crops:
, 
. (3)
The second group of restrictions on
the amount of applied organic fertilizers:
, . (4)
The third group of restrictions on
the size of sown areas:
(5)
The criterion of optimality in this
model is to ensure a deficit-free balance of humus in agriculture of Ukraine,
i.e. the total mass of humus losses for each crop on the respective area of its
cultivation should be equal to its growth with optimal distribution of sown
areas, organic fertilizers and crop yields. Accordingly, the economic and mathematical
model with restrictions (3-5) will look like this:
(6)
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1.
The content of the method of
optimization of sown areas of crops taking into account the complex of
ecological and economic factors of influence
Optimization of agricultural land
use should be considered through the prism of the degree of balance of
production processes in the agricultural sector. Mutual transformation of economic
and environmental effects indefinitely necessitates the expansion of the range
of measurements and estimates. Thus, the balance of land use by ecological
component should be characterized by indicators of the structure of land use
and their quality (Sokhnych and Tibilova, 2006).
The optimal use of agricultural land
should be aimed at ensuring the effective performance of agricultural
landscapes of the relevant functions, while maintaining their properties as
integral agro-ecosystems (Hensiruk, 1992).
The main task in developing a system
of measures to optimize agricultural land use is a detailed analysis of the
current state of land use, identifying the most pressing environmental problems
and identifying measures to address them.
The working hypothesis of the study
assumes the existence of economic and environmental factors on the humus
content in soils in the optimization of sown areas of crops, which determines
the quality of land and their suitability for agricultural use.
To ensure efficient, environmentally
safe use of land resources, it is necessary to optimize the structure of sown
areas of crops, taking into account new production, innovation and
agro-landscape approaches to the organization of rural areas and natural and
economic conditions (Kostyshyn, 2017).
After all, it is the structure of
sown areas that determines not only the level of economic efficiency of crop
production, but also the level of technological and technical burden on
agricultural land.
Using the above methodology, calculations
were performed based on the data shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Estimated data for optimizing the structure
of sown areas of crops in the direction of ensuring the balance of humus in the
soil
|
Agricultural
cultures
|
Area of cultivated
crop or group, thousand hectares
|
Maximum allowable
crop yields, c / ha
|
Application of
organic fertilizers, t / ha
|
Amount of
humification of org. fertilizers
|
Amount of
humification of plant residues
|
Lost humus, t /
ha
|
The rate of application
of organic fertilizers, t / ha
|
Norms of sown
areas, thousand hectares
|
|
Minimum
(actually)
|
Max.
|
Min.
|
Max.
|
|
Winter wheat
|
6645.3
|
41.6
|
100
|
0.3
|
0.058
|
0.20
|
1.35
|
20
|
5405.2
|
8918.0
|
|
Spring barley
|
1552.4
|
32.4
|
90
|
0.3
|
0.058
|
0.22
|
1.23
|
20
|
1600.6
|
5405.2
|
|
Corn for grain
|
4986.9
|
55.1
|
150
|
0.7
|
0.058
|
0.20
|
1.56
|
20
|
1351.3
|
6756.5
|
|
Soy
|
1612.8
|
19.7
|
50
|
0.2
|
0.058
|
0.23
|
1.50
|
30
|
1351.3
|
6756.5
|
|
Sunflower
|
5958.9
|
20.2
|
55
|
0.2
|
0.058
|
0.14
|
1.39
|
30
|
1351.3
|
2999.9
|
|
Sugar beets
|
221.3
|
461.1
|
930
|
3.7
|
0.058
|
0.10
|
1.61
|
30
|
270.0
|
5806.8
|
|
Rape (winter, spring)
|
1279.2
|
25.6
|
65
|
0.5
|
0.058
|
0.15
|
1.39
|
30
|
270.0
|
2702.6
|
|
Potato
|
1308.8
|
154.8
|
350
|
1.6
|
0.058
|
0.13
|
1.61
|
30
|
405.4
|
1351.3
|
|
Vegetables
|
452.4
|
205.9
|
350
|
0.4
|
0.058
|
0.13
|
1.61
|
30
|
297.3
|
1351.3
|
|
Corn for silage and green fodder
|
246.6
|
160.0
|
400
|
6.1
|
0.058
|
0.17
|
1.47
|
20
|
270.2
|
2162.1
|
|
Sown grasses (total)
|
1955.1
|
39.2
|
160
|
0.8
|
0.058
|
0.25
|
0.60
|
20
|
1351.3
|
8107.8
|
Source:
Formed on the basis of statistical information and Boiko, Kovalenko (2015),
Hospodarenko (2018).
The
result of solving the mathematical model is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Prospective indicators of optimization of the
structure of sown areas of crops in the direction of ensuring the balance of
humus in the soil
|
Agricultural
cultures
|
Area of
cultivated crop or group, thousand hectares
|
Crop yields,
c/ha
|
Application of
organic fertilizers,
t/ha
|
Formed humus from:
(t/ha)
|
Lost humus,
t/ha
|
The balance of humus
|
|
org. fertilizers
|
plant residues
|
total
|
t/ha
|
thousand tons
|
|
Winter wheat
|
6341.1
|
44.00
|
11.13
|
0.65
|
1.29
|
1.94
|
1.35
|
0.59
|
3741.25
|
|
Spring barley
|
2193.6
|
33.90
|
2.87
|
0.17
|
0.97
|
1.14
|
1.23
|
-0.09
|
-197.42
|
|
Corn for grain
|
4590.8
|
57.34
|
7.27
|
0.42
|
1.36
|
1.78
|
1.56
|
0.22
|
1009.98
|
|
Soy
|
2197.9
|
20.00
|
3.07
|
0.18
|
0.32
|
0.50
|
1.50
|
-1.00
|
-2197.90
|
|
Sunflower
|
2999.9
|
21.77
|
4.83
|
0.28
|
0.60
|
0.88
|
1.39
|
-0.51
|
-1529.95
|
|
Sugar beets
|
629.6
|
475.00
|
3.85
|
0.22
|
0.40
|
0.62
|
1.61
|
-0.99
|
-623.30
|
|
Rape (winter, spring)
|
787.9
|
27.86
|
1.19
|
0.07
|
2.01
|
2.08
|
1.39
|
0.69
|
543.65
|
|
Potato
|
1351.3
|
167.00
|
3.93
|
0.23
|
0.42
|
0.65
|
1.61
|
-0.96
|
-1297.25
|
|
Vegetables
|
785.6
|
207.00
|
1.29
|
0.07
|
0.16
|
0.23
|
1.61
|
-1.38
|
-1084.13
|
|
Corn for silage and green fodder
|
622.7
|
227.00
|
7.44
|
0.43
|
0.74
|
1.17
|
1.47
|
-0.30
|
-186.81
|
|
Sown grasses (total)
|
2397.2
|
40.85
|
3.88
|
0.22
|
1.14
|
1.36
|
0.60
|
0.76
|
1821.89
|
|
Total in Ukraine
|
24897.6
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0
|
Source: Calculated by the authors
Comparative
characteristics of the actual and optimized structure of sown areas of the most
common crops, occupying about 80.0% of the arable land area are presented in
the table (Table 3).
Evaluating
the simulation results, it should be noted that to balance the loss of humus in
the soil it is necessary to increase sown areas and yields for all major crops
except sunflower, the sown area under which must be reduced by more than 2
times. An important component for balancing humus is also an increase in the
application of organic fertilizers per 1 hectare of sown area of all crops.
Table 3:
Optimized actual structure of sown areas of crops in the direction of ensuring
the balance of humus in the soil
|
Agricultural
cultures
|
Optimized area of
cultivated agricultural crop, thousand hectares
|
The actual area
of cultivated agricultural crops, thousand hectares
|
Optimized
structure,%
|
Actual structure,
%
|
|
Winter wheat
|
6341.1
|
6645.3
|
19.4
|
20.3
|
|
Spring barley
|
2193.6
|
1552.4
|
6.7
|
4.7
|
|
Corn for grain
|
4590.8
|
4986.9
|
14.0
|
15.2
|
|
Soy
|
2197.9
|
1612.8
|
6.7
|
4.9
|
|
Sunflower
|
2999.9
|
5958.9
|
9.2
|
18.2
|
|
Sugar beets
|
629.6
|
221.3
|
1.9
|
0.7
|
|
Rape (winter, spring)
|
787.9
|
1279.2
|
2.4
|
3.9
|
|
Potato
|
1351.3
|
1308.8
|
4.1
|
4.0
|
|
Vegetables
|
785.6
|
452.4
|
2.4
|
1.4
|
|
Corn for silage and green fodder
|
622.7
|
246.6
|
1.9
|
0.8
|
|
Sown grasses
(total)
|
2397.2
|
1955.1
|
7.3
|
6.0
|
Source: Calculated by the authors
To
optimize the structure of sown areas of agricultural crops and ensure balanced use
of agricultural land at the level of agricultural formations, we proposed to
use the following algorithm (Figure 1).
According to the algorithm for
the balanced use of land in agricultural production and the choice of further
land use (application of intensive technologies or greening of production
processes) we propose to take into account the dynamics of humus content in the
soil, which will be determined according to agrochemical surveys and
agricultural land structure of sown areas of agricultural crops. In case of
deterioration of these indicators, the land use system should be greened, and
when their improvement is observed, it is a precondition for further
intensification of agricultural activity.
Figure 1: Algorithm for choosing solutions to ensure balanced use of
agricultural land in the agricultural sector
Source: developed by the authors
This algorithm of actions is aimed at
choosing the directions of land use, primarily at the local level
(intensification or greening of the management system), based on the dynamics
of humus content in soils. The decisions taken should be aimed at optimizing
the structure of sown areas of crops depending on the impact of the technology
of their cultivation on the quality of land.
4.2.
Practical aspects of application of economic and mathematical model
As a result of optimizing the structure of
sown areas of crops to ensure the balance of humus in the soil, it is possible
to choose areas for further use of by-products of these crops, in particular to
increase the level of humus in the soil by plowing the residues of agricultural
products or the use of by-products for bioenergy production.
Therefore, the optimization of the structure
of agricultural lands should be carried out based on the data of
agri-environmental monitoring of lands. The consolidated ecological and
agrochemical assessment of land plots, which is based on the main agro-physical
and agrochemical indicators, is of great importance for sound regulation of
land relations, determination of ecologically appropriate crop rotation system
in order to optimize land use by agricultural formations.
The availability of up-to-date and reliable
information on the state of agricultural land resources will increase the
environmental and economic efficiency of land use in the agricultural sector
and create preconditions for the application of legal liability and incentives
for landowners and land users as a result of their compliance with norms and
rules in the field of land use.
Optimization of land use through the
implementation of effective optimization measures will lead to inexhaustible
and balanced use of land resources, as well as the formation of regional
environmental systems, which will contribute to the stable and full restoration
and functioning of natural and economic territorial complexes.
Taking into account the environmental factor
in optimizing the use of land in the agricultural sector requires comprehensive
interdisciplinary research, taking into account the priorities of balanced
economic growth of the agricultural sector.
Research of qualitative characteristics of agricultural lands, in
particular indicators of humus content in soils, and influence of a complex of
ecological and economic factors on them will create opportunities for formation
of system of balanced agricultural land use by development and implementation
of appropriate organizational and economic, normative and legal mechanisms for
preservation and improvement of land lands.
In this case, organizational and economic mechanisms are aimed at
creating a favourable environment in order to implement a system of balanced
agricultural land use to preserve the quality of land. Normative and legal
measures will promote the implementation of legal conditions for the protection
of agricultural land from excessive anthropogenic impact and the deterioration
of their quality characteristics by improving existing regulations or creating
new provisions within international law.
To implement the declared measures it is necessary to ensure the
coordination of environmental, economic and social interests at different
levels of government, in particular: to prioritize maintaining the quality of
land in the process of their use for agricultural production, to ensure the
effectiveness of financial and administrative levers of influence in the
direction of forming a system of balanced land use, to assess the effectiveness
of agricultural land use by taking into account the impact of environmental and
economic factors on the development trends of agricultural systems, etc.
5.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The obtained results show that
it is important to take into account the influence of ecological and economic
factors in the process of optimizing the structure of sown areas of
agricultural crops in order to preserve the quality of land. Accordingly, it is
advisable to use the results of modelling the structure of sown areas of major
crops grown in Ukraine, to further balance the humus content in the soil.
Optimization of land use through
the implementation of effective optimization measures at the level of
individual land users will lead to inexhaustible and balanced use of land, as
well as the formation of regional environmental systems, which will contribute
to stable and full restoration and functioning of natural and economic
complexes.
The author's position takes
into account a set of limiting factors that affect the humus content in soils
during the cultivation of crops, to further preserve its level and improve the
environmental and economic efficiency of land use in crop production. In our
case, the set of influencing factors includes a number of parameters that in
practice are interdependent and determine the level of anthropogenic pressure
on the state of land.
This necessitates the
formation of an economic and mathematical model based on the study of
interactions. From an economic point of view, the level of anthropogenic
pressure should be reviewed in the context of taking into account the three
main interest groups: economic, environmental and social in the direction of
balancing them. Based on this, specific components will be proposed for the
formation of an ecological and economic mechanism of balanced land use to
address pressing issues related to the deterioration of the quality parameters
of land.
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