IMPLICATIONS
OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ON SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS
Daniel
R. Tasé Velázquez
Methodist
University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Brazil
E-mail: dtasev88@gmail.com
Alexandre
Tadeu Simon
Methodist
University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Brazil
E-mail: alexandre.simon@unimep.br
André
Luís Helleno
Methodist
University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Brazil
E-mail: alhelleno@unimep.br
Lorena
Hernández Mastrapa
Methodist
University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Brazil
E-mail: lorenahmastrapa@gmail.com
Submission: 10/8/2019
Accept: 10/22/2019
ABSTRACT
Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has attracted the interest of industrial professionals and researchers in the last years. This interest lies primarily in understanding the trends, benefits, and implications of AM technology on supply chain (SC) and logistics, as it requires reconfiguring the supply chain based on a distributed manufacturing strategy, closer to the consumer market, with shorter lead times and less raw materials. It still is an emerging field, and needs further study. Therefore, a better understanding of main trends will contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about AM technology and its consolidation. This article seeks to investigate the implications of AM, as an advanced manufacturing model, on SC and logistics. A four-step research method was used to develop a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis on the AM implications in SC and logistics. The main implications of AM on SC and logistics were classified in seven key issues gathered as result of the literature review. Additionally, bibliometric study allowed understanding researches major trends in this field. The key aspects highlighted and characterized as major implications of AM on SC and logistic are: supply chain complexity reduction; more flexible logistics and inventory management; better spreading and popularization of mass customization; decentralization of manufacturing; greater design freedom and rapid prototyping; increasing of resource efficiency and sustainability, and the need to have clearly defined legal and safety aspects.
Keywords: Additive manufacturing, Supply chain, Logistics
1.
INTRODUCTION
Additive
manufacturing (AM), popularly referred as 3D printing, enables the fabrication
of parts and components with complex surfaces (LASEMI et al., 2010), also known
as freeform surfaces (GUO; LEU, 2013). AM processes and techniques generally
employ a bottom-up fabrication approach (TOFAIL et al., 2018), where a
structure can be fabricated by means of selective material deposition/addition
process known layer-by-layer (DUTTA et al., 2011).
By
means of AM processes adoption, companies have experienced a high degree of
flexibility and agility in changing production schedules, which in turn, has
allowed better resources and raw materials use, leading to an operating cost
reduction (GUESSASMA et al., 2015). Another distinctive factor associated to AM
is the increasingly products’ rapid transfer to the market. The time reduction
in product design and manufacturing are aspects required by strict clients that
follows the volatile marketing trends (QUAN et al., 2015).
AM
makes flexible the manufacture of highly customized products in a competitive
time, with low volume, high-added value and competitive production costs. AM is
generally used for producing unique products and small batches (one unit
batch). This contributes significantly for reducing the product delivery-time
to end-users (GAO et al., 2015).
The
implications of AM on supply chain and logistics activities have been the
subject of some researches. Hannibal and Knight (2018) discuss the potential
impact of additive manufacturing on global production chains and logistics
activities from the point of view of “global factory” (BUCKLEY; GHAURI, 2004;
BUCKLEY, 2009a; BUCKLEY, 2009b; BUCKLEY, 2011) and “localization of production”
concepts.
Concerning
that, they argue that a major advantage of AM could be the costs reduction in
transportation and logistics activities, provided since production could take
place in an eco-system outside the company boundaries, which in turn, allows
manufacturing products in a closer manner to end-user and consumers.
Campbell
et al. (2011) and Laplume et al. (2016) suggest that
AM can affect the firms role for coordinating global value chains and could
lead to high-volume, small-scale production at a local level (on-site/on-demand
production) with minimal costs of set-ups and reprocessing allowing the
reduction of the logistics activities and shorter supply chains.
The
“localization of production” using AM technologies allows to manufacture
customized products with design flexibility at the appropriate cost, under the
requirements of environmental conservation and taking into account the users
possibility to modify/customize the final product as by them required
(HANNIBAL; KNIGHT, 2018). Strange and Zucchella
(2017) suggest that the potentials of AM technologies on SC and logistics is
probably related to the coupling of AM with other technological advances such
as industry 4.0.
The
relevance and popularization of AM processes in the industrial sector,
increases the academic interest in understanding the benefits and implications
of AM on SC and logistics. This work seeks to investigate which are the implications of the AM on SC and logistics
as its popularization as and advanced manufacturing model. A systematic
literature review was carried out, which allowed synthesizing the
contributions in this research subject. A bibliometric study was also used to
reveal the current state of researches in this field.
This
this work is organized in fourth sections. The introduction, which
contextualize and presents the paper research interest and main objective; the
research method is discussed in the next section; results and discussion, as
the third one, includes a documental analysis, bibliometric study and main AM
implications on the research context are detailed; and final considerations are
settled at the last one.
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
In
order to gather the main scientific documents related to the study of AM
implications on SC and logistics, a four-step research method described below
was adapted from Fahimnia et al. (2015).
Step 1. Search terms
definition: for gathering the most
relevant papers, were identified nine keywords after reviewing in
non-structured manner some works related to the study area. These keywords are additive manufacturing, 3D printing,
three-dimensional printing, rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing, digital
manufacturing, direct digital manufacturing, supply chain and logistics.
Step 2. Search strategy
and protocol: the bibliographic search
was done by following the protocol in Table 1. Remaining terms belonging to AM
context were used as inclusion criteria for papers search refining.
Table 1: Search protocol and inclusion/exclusion criteria
|
Search protocol |
|
String (i): "additive
manufacturing" AND "supply chain" AND "supply chain
implications" String (ii): "additive manufacturing" AND
"logistics" AND "logistics implications" Inclusion (I) /
exclusion (E) filters (I) Exact strings’ terms, found in any part of the document (I) Publishing period: 2010 - 2019 (I) Type of material and language: scientific articles written in
English (I) Papers containing terms related to: “additive manufacturing”,
“3d printing”, “supply chains” “rapid prototyping”, “three dimensional
printing”, “Logistics” (I) Peer reviewed papers only (E) Excluding books and duplicated papers (I) Include papers after analysis, through manual screening of the
title, abstract, keywords and theoretical or practical contributions. (E) Exclude articles outside of research scope (no-scientific
magazine articles, encyclopedias, commercial publications, industrial
viewpoints, etc.) |
Step 3. Database selection:
authors selected the renowned databases such as Science Direct, Emerald
Insight, Springer Link, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library and SAGE Journals.
These six platforms allowed finding and analyzing major papers related to the
study area. The “snowballing” approach for literature search was also used, but
it was not found any interest paper.
Step 4. Data analysis:
an inductive approach (MIGUEL, 2012) was used to formulate conclusive criteria
from bibliometric study developed. Complementing the analysis, Mendeley software was used to extract the articles
bibliographic data, which was exported to a spreadsheet in order to complement
bibliometric analysis, and then processed in the BibExcel
software. The main AM implications on SC and logistics covered in the 75
articles were also detailed.
3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1.
Documental and Bibliometric Analysis
The
literature review was developed until September 2019. From the search strings,
the quantity of articles resulted in 13 361. This amount of documents was
gradually reduced by applying inclusion/exclusion qualifier filters to finally
gather 75 articles that were considered relevant to the research as detailed in
Table 2.
Table 2: Search protocol applied
|
Search
protocol |
Papers |
|
String (i) “additive
manufacturing” AND “supply chain” AND “supply chain implications” String (ii) “additive manufacturing” AND “logistics”
AND “logistics implications”. |
13 361 |
|
Qualifier
filters: Inclusion (I) / exclusion (E) |
|
|
(I) Exact strings terms with presence in any part of
the document (I) Publishing period: last 10 years (2010 – 2019) (I) Type of material: scientific articles only (I) Language: English only (E) Exclude books (I) Papers related to: “additive manufacturing”, “3d
printing”, “supply chains” “rapid prototyping”, “three dimensional printing”,
“Logistics” (I) Peer reviewed papers only (E) Other resources online |
288 |
|
(I) Include papers after analysis, through manual
screening of title, abstract, keywords and with theoretical and/or practical
contributions. (E) Exclude articles outside of research scope
(no-scientific magazine articles, encyclopedias, commercial publications,
industrial viewpoints, etc.) |
75 |
Preliminary results of literature search allows concluding that
published scientific papers about implications of AM on SC and logistics are
still limited despite the relevance and novelty of this topic. This may be
conditioned by the limited accessibility to the industrial structure needed to
deploy manufacturing models based on additive manufacturing, which consequently
limits research works related to advances in the field, as this is a relatively
"young" field.
3.1.1. Keywords Visualization and Papers
Publishing Trends
Keywords mentioned in
each article were extracted from Mendeley software
and the frequency controlled by BibExcel software. In
total, 365 keywords were identified. Figure 1 shows the frequency appearance of
the 365 keywords, as the VOSviewer software was used
for this purpose.
Figure 1:
Keywords mentioned with higher frequency
In Figure 1 can be observed that the circles
associated with the most frequent mentioned keywords in articles appear larger.
The terms “additive manufacturing”, “3D printing” and
“supply chain” appear with larger size in this order. In a lower size, appear
terms such as “logistic”, “production”, “supply chain management”,
“sustainability”, “innovation”, and “advanced manufacturing technology”. This may indicate a growing interest
in disseminating knowledge about how AM can contribute to and/or affect
production, commercial and technological processes while continuing to address
sustainability issues.
Analyzing the 75
selected papers was possible to identify the publishing trend per year as shown
in Figure 2.
Figure 2:
Publishing paper trends and quantity per year
As observed in Figure 2, only from 2012 until
the reviewing period in 2019, the tendency was increasing, although, from 2017
to 2019 it decreased. It could been conditioned by the fact that 2019 has not
finished. The gap in years prior to 2012 may be a consequence of the
consolidation of traditional manufacturing systems in the industry and the incipient
knowledge on the benefits of employing AM as an advanced manufacturing model.
This can being corroborated in the study-report developed by the United States
Institute for Defense Analysis in 2012 (IDA, 2012). In this study AM was
identified as one of the emerging trends in advanced manufacturing
technologies, and as future scenarios the need of manage the increasingly
complex global supply chains and its risks, given the gradual increase of
high-technology goods demand.
3.1.2. Main Publishing Journals
The publishing journals
were been identified totalizing 42 different journals. Figure 3 shows the 14
journals with more than one publication and the quantity of paper published per
year from 2012 to 2019 in decreasing order, counting 47 papers. As can be seen
in Fig. 3, the highlighted journal by quantity of publications is the “Journal
of Manufacturing Technology Management” with 11 papers. In remaining 28
journals, only was published one article.
Figure 3:
Main publishing journals, quantity of papers per year and total per journal
3.1.3. Authors Analysis, International and
Institutional Representation
The authors' data were
been extracted and frequency of authoring was observed in publications. Only 28
authors of the 243 identified appear in two or more publications and in a
maximum of five. Figure 4 presents authors*/co-authors** as well as the
quantity of papers published, respectively, among of 75 gathered.
Figure 4:
Authors*/co-authors** and quantity of papers published
It is necessary to mention that some of the
authors with two or more publications are not the main authors but co-authors.
Highlighted with a star (*) is referred the first author, and with two stars
(**) the co-authors with more than one publication.
The most contributing
countries by quantity published papers selected were extracted. Figure 5
indicates the 23 countries with greater representativeness, and quantity of
papers, respectively, sorted clockwise in descending order. It can be seen that
three countries represent the highest density, being the United States of
America (USA), United Kingdom (UK) and Germany (GER).
Figure 5.
Countries with the highest contribution and quantity papers
Consequently, researchers were affiliated to
107 institutions. Main 19 universities collaborate with publishing more than
one article. It was noticed the existence of a wide heterogeneity of the
institutions involved. Figure 6 shows the most contributing institutions by
quantity of papers. It can be noted that UK appears with five universities,
whereas GER and USA appear with four, followed by Brazil and Denmark with two,
and Finland and Switzerland with one.
Figure 6. Universities with higher
contribution by quantity of papers
3.2.
Implications of AM on Supply Chain
and Logistics
After analyzing the
technical and research’s contributions of the 75 articles gathered, seven major
implications of AM on SC and logistics context, as part of technological and
production advances in these areas were outlined as follow:
· Supply chain complexity reduction (CR): Reducing chain complexity is due to increased
capacity to produce products in a single-full unit eliminating the need to
assemble multiple components. This, consequently, reduces the need of stock
replacement parts given the low quantity of raw material needed to produce a
product. It also reduces the amount of work activities, internal production
costs (internal transport, labor, etc.), shorten the production process flow
and allows better materials control (which are minimal in variety) (GAO et al.,
2015; JANSSEN et al., 2014).
· Safety and legal aspects (S-LA): Given the ability of these technologies to
produce many types of goods, there is a need to guarantee and control the
production and non-falsification of products that could cause harm to humans,
for example, firearms, bladed-weapons, etc. Massive and rapid sharing of files
containing physical scanned products requires adequate control because the
current legal framework for 3D printing does not consider guidelines for the
regulated scanning of physical objects (NYMAN; SARLIN, 2014).
· Flexible logistics services and inventory management (FL-IM): AM can affect the role of companies
in coordinating global value chains and can lead to high local-level production
(on-site/on-demand production) with minimal cost related to set-ups and
reprocessing. This in-situ production model (localized production), or near at
the final consumption place, reduces the quantity of logistics transportation
activities and associated costs. It turns out to be a futuristic trend in
replacing inventories of physical products and raw materials with digital
inventories in form of 3D .stl files. Fewer raw
materials will require less skilled personnel for handling, so the cost of
holding inventories drops considerably (MOHR; KHAN, 2015).
· Mass customization (MC): Ben-Ner and Siemsen
(2017) point out that the end-result of the impact of AM technologies on
production systems may be the popularization of mass customization, as opposed
to the current paradigm of mass production. AM technology allows the production
of customized products, with design flexibility at an appropriate cost and
meeting environmental conservation requirements. Localized production through
AM gives users the ability to access to the product on the time required by
them and allows end-users themselves to incorporate design changes and
customize products to meet their own very-specific needs. This design-changing
activities does not implies additional re-processing costs, instead, it just
require programming changes in digital files.
· Decentralization of manufacturing (DM): The benefits that AM can bring to global value
chains include the easy on-site production and consuming, as well as ensuring
faster responses to changes on demand, helping to reduce time to market. New
products can been design faster, and delivered to customers faster. AM can
increase the responsiveness of companies to manufacturing products in
hard-to-reach places or in disasters situations by developing technologies for
humanitarian logistics activities (SAVONEN et al., 2018), and distributed
production systems. By locally manufacturing or employing distributed
manufacturing models close to customers, companies can be faster and more
responsive in their strategic manufacturing activities and costs reduction in
supply chain set-up.
· Design freedom and rapid prototyping (DF-P): AM linked to information and communication
technologies and other modalities such as industry 4.0, web 2.0, big data,
internet of things (IoT), etc. announce the beginning
of a new era in global production through the digitization of goods (GAO et
al., 2015; STRANGE; ZUCCHELLA, 2017). 3D printing technology is so versatile
that it can produce a vast range of fundamentally different items, in an easily
manner and quickly. As a future trend, due to easily-to-produce, end-users will
be involved in production of self-demanded products (MOHR; KHAN, 2015).
· Resource efficiency and sustainability (RE-S): Regarding to resource efficiency,
in order to achieve adequate levels of environmental and production
sustainability, it have been recommended the observation of wastes handling and
environmental regulations. In terms of energy consumption, AM processes generally
has lower impact than conventional manufacturing processes such as machining,
milling, etc. (HUANG et al., 2013). The reconfiguration of shorter and more
collaborative value chains aims to guarantee the extension of product life
through technical approaches such as repair, remanufacturing and
reconditioning, ensuring more sustainable socioeconomic patterns and closer
relations between producers and consumers (KOHTALA; HYYSALO, 2015). This saves
monetary capital by reducing the need to use high-cost materials for
manufacturing new parts.
Table 3 highlights and classify by paper, the
key issues covered about the implications of AM on SC and logistics following
the seven major trends identified earlier.
Table 3: Key issues covered in
papers about AM implications on SC and logistics
|
Authors |
Key AM implications
on SC and Logistics |
|
BERMAN (2012) |
DF-P/MC - Key features and applications of 3D
printing, mass customization and comparison for rapid prototyping with traditional
manufacturing methods. |
|
HUANG et al. (2013) |
CR/DM/MC/RE-S - Characterization of AM approaches.
Analysis of impacts on population’s health and wellbeing and environmental
impacts in terms of energy consumption, as well as, the possibility of revolutionizing
the delivery of AM products through supply chain reconfiguration. |
|
RAY (2013) |
CR - Benefits analysis of the simultaneous and
real-time management of supply and demand chains. |
|
SILVA and REZENDE (2013) |
FL-IM - Overview of AM area and its expected impact
in logistics. |
|
WALLER and FAWCETT (2013) |
CR - Disruptive trends in supply chain. |
|
CHRISTOPHER and RYALS (2014) |
FL-IM - Emerging trends in supply chain managements
with lower inventory and fast customer response with waste and obsolescence reduced. |
|
FAWCETT and WALLER (2014) |
CR/S-LA - Potential supply chain design inflection
points. |
|
KHAJAVI et al. (2014) |
DM - Evaluate the potential impact of additive
manufacturing improvements on the configuration of spare parts supply chains
and costs. |
|
HOLMSTRÖM and PARTANEN (2014) |
DF-P/CR/FL-IM - Exploration of how combination of
digital manufacturing, logistics and equipment use affect the relationship
among logistics service providers, users and manufacturers of equipment. |
|
WALLER and FAWCETT (2014) |
CR/MC/FL-IM - Disruptive forces and significant
implications for practice, research, and teaching in supply chain management. |
|
ACHILLAS et al. (2015) |
DF-P - Decision-making methodological framework for
selecting AM techniques in substitution of traditional manufacturing
technologies. |
|
CHEN et al. (2015) |
RE-S/CR - Main aspects of direct digital
manufacturing and sustainability implications, supply chain, transportation. |
|
EYERS and POTTER (2015) GAO et al. (2015) |
CR - Use of e-commerce with AM, benefits through
increased efficiency and cost reductions in information transfer, SC
disintermediation. Review of current barriers, findings, and future trends in
AM. |
|
GRESS and KALAFSKY (2015) |
CR/DM - Opportunities for theoretical explorations
and research on additive manufacturing and its impacts on the integration
with, traditional manufacturing, supply, demand, innovation and global
production networks. |
|
TATHAM et al. (2015) BALDINGER et al. (2016) |
DM - Potentials for AM to support the preparation
and response activities for complex situations in humanitarian context.
Develop suitable cost estimation models for AM focusing on buy scenarios and
SC setup. |
|
BARZ et al. (2016a, 2016b) |
RE-S - AM high resource efficiency and quantitative
assessment of the effects on the supply networks structure. |
|
BOGERS et al. (2016) |
DM/MC - Business model moving from a
manufacturer-centric to a consumer-centric by manufacturing. |
|
CHEN (2016) |
DM/CR/FL-IM - An international SC model using system
dynamics method to simulates its reconstruction trend by studying its spatial
and temporal variation in the worldwide range after 3D printing model
application. |
|
CHIU and LIN (2016) |
DM/MC/DF-P - Development of a decision support tool
(DfAM - design for additive manufacturing) for
optimizing personalized products under demand uncertainties. |
|
FORD and DESPEISSE (2016) |
RE-S - Discussion about AM implications on
sustainability concerning to innovation, business models and value chains
configuration. |
|
HOLMSTRÖM et al. (2016) |
CR/DM - Main challenges of AM and its research
agenda at factory, supply chain, and operations strategy level. |
|
JIA et al. (2016) |
MC - Innovative approach towards mass customization
in the UK chocolate industry for financial viability of supply-chain centric
business models. |
|
KNOFIUS et al. (2016) |
FL-IM - Method to simplify the identification of
economically value of AM for after-sales service logistics and supply chains. |
|
KOTHMAN and FABER (2016) |
DM/DF-P/RE-S - Disruptive technologies and potential
impacts on eco-performance of entire SC, performance improvements, efficient
manufacturing methods. |
|
LI et al. (2016) |
CR/DM - Influence of AM on spare parts supply chain. |
|
MACCARTHY et al. (2016) |
DM - AM as a SC indicator of evolution. |
|
OETTMEIER and HOFMANN (2016; 2017) |
MC/DM - AM technology adoption on SC management
processes and components in an engineer-to-order environment. |
|
POUR et al. (2016) BEN-NER and SIEMSEN (2017) |
DM/CR - Value chain reconfiguration through redesign
of production, distribution and logistics processes. Technological changes on
SC and organization structures. |
|
ROGERS et al. (2016) SASSON and JOHNSON (2016) |
DM - Types of 3D printing services and potential
implications on the SC of manufacturing firms. SC-related benefits of 3D
printing supercenters. |
|
SIRICHAKWAL and CONNER (2016) |
FL-IM - AM influence on management
of spare parts inventory. |
|
THOMAS (2016) |
RE-S - AM societal costs and benefits from both a
monetary and a resource consumption viewpoint. |
|
ATTARAN (2017a, 2017b) |
DM/MC - Potential benefits of AM and challenges to
traditional manufacturing constraints, impacts on the traditional and global
SC and logistics. |
|
BUSACHI et al. (2017) DURÃO et al. (2016; 2017) |
DM - AM approaches with a detailed focus on the most
applicable technologies to Defense Support Services. Characterization of
technical aspects about centralization and independence levels between a
central factory and a distributed production site for the manufacturing of
spare parts leveraging AM as main production process. |
|
DESPEISSE et al. (2017) |
RE-S/MC/DM - Research agenda to determine enablers
and barriers for 3D printing to achieve a circular economy. |
|
DURACH et al. (2017) |
CR/FL-IM/MC/RE-S/DM - Insights on emerging AM
processes; barriers to their adoption and a timeline of expected impacts on
the supply chain in the manufacturing industry. |
|
FELDMANN and PUMPE (2017) |
DM/RE-S - Framework for investment decisions based
on economic value added providing assessment of value drivers in global
supply chains for supporting investment decisions in 3DP technology,
considering manufacturing and overall supply chain costs. |
|
HANDAL (2017) |
CR/DM - Framework of AM impacts on SC management. |
|
HOLMSTRÖM and GUTOWSKI (2017) |
DM/RE-S/CR/MC - Overview of AM main changes in
operation and supply management processes. |
|
HUANG ET AL. (2017) |
RE-S - Estimation of net changes in SC lead-time,
life cycle primary energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and life
cycle costs associated with AM technologies. |
|
JIANG et al. (2017) |
DM/CR - AM influence on business ecosystem of firms,
consumers, and society. |
|
NIAKI and NONINO (2017) |
DM - Role of AM in operations, business strategies
and business performance. Technological impacts. |
|
ÖZCEYLAN et al. (2018) PARITALA et al. (2017) KHAJAVI et al. (2018) |
CR/DM - SC changes associated with 3D printing
technology adoption to identify the potential impacts. Driving forces for
adopting digital manufacturing, present applications and future scope. Costs
investigations on AM production process planning. |
|
ROGERS et al. (2017) RYAN et al. (2017) BUSACHI et al. (2018) |
CR/FL-IM/DM - AM for reconfiguring SC. Existing
scenarios for 3D printing in logistics. Applications in Defense Support
Services |
|
STRONG et al. (2017) |
CR - Complexity reduction and impacts in SC |
|
BALLARDINI et al. (2018) CHAN et al. (2018) |
S-LA - Technology, business and intellectual
property issues on spare parts production through AM from a digital source.
Impact of 3D printing on SC. |
|
CHEKUROV et al. (2018) |
CR/DM/RE-S - Verification of conceptual benefits of
the AM implementation in spare part SC from the point of view of industry. |
|
CHUNG et al. (2018) |
DM/CR/MC/FL-IM - Innovation in dynamic SC design and
operations: connected smart factories – smart SC. |
|
GADGE et al. (2018) |
CR/DM/RE-S/FL-IM - Impact of AM implementation on
aircraft SC networks. |
|
GHOBADIAN et al. (2018) |
RE-S - AM's capabilities from its innovation and
sustainability perspectives |
|
HANNIBAL and KHIGHT (2018) |
CR/S-LA/FL-IM/MC/DM/RE-S - AM as the global factory
and location of production model. |
|
MA et al. (2018) |
RE-S - AM product life cycle sustainability
assessment |
|
MARTINUSO and LUOMARANTA (2018) |
DM/CR/FL-IM - Small- and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs’) perspectives on the adoption of AM in their specific SC positions. |
|
MUIR and HADDUD (2018) |
FL-IM/S-LA - Impact of AM on firm inventory
performance (IP) and customer satisfaction (CS) when applied within the spare
parts SC of manufacturing organizations. |
|
MURMURA and
BRAVI (2018) |
RE-S - Potential sustainable benefits and
limitations to the implementation of 3D printing in the Italian
wood-furniture industry. |
|
NGO et al. (2018) ÖBERG et al. (2018) |
DM/CR/RE-S/FL-IM - Review of AM influences on
evolution of business models. |
|
SAVONEN et al. (2018) |
DM/FL-IM - Distributed manufacturing for
humanitarian logistics activities. |
|
SHUKLA et al. (2018) WESTERWEEL et al. (2018) |
FL-IM/RE-S - Innovative approach to explore and
evaluate the sustainability perspectives in e-commerce channels for AM.
Potential of AM for spare part supply, life cycle cost analysis, logistics
activities and production. |
|
MATOS and JACINTO (2019) |
DM/MC/RE-S - Investigation on AM technology social
impacts associated with fabrication, customization, sustainability, business
models and work. |
|
AFSHARI et al. (2019) |
DM/RE-S - Model for a SC enabled with AM technology
and evaluation of the effects of interruptions (e.g., demand fluctuations).
Quantification of how variations in network infrastructures, costs, and
production technology could influence investment decisions in favor of AM in
SC costs. |
It is possible to verify in Table 3, the
interest of the academia to study which are main implications of AM in the SC
and logistics. In Figure 7 is highlighted the proportion that the main theme
are studied. The total percentage sum is higher than 100 % since the
proportional measure was been calculated regarding the themes discussed in a
separately manner and not about similarity of classification.
Figure 7: Proportion of the key issues
covered in literature
Regarding to
logistics, the main theme was about reducing the transportation activities and
associated costs due the proximity among producers and end-consumers of
additive-manufactured products. It was also noticed that, concerning to SLA,
was introduced the necessity of ensuring and controlling falsification of
additive-manufactured products given the ability of AM technologies to produce
numerous types of assets.
Regarding the RE,
papers also covers the theme of environmental and productive sustainability,
recommending the observance of wastes handling and environmental norms and
regulations. Contributions of studies in terms of RE also rely on energy
consumption, raw materials, and life-cycle extension of high-value products
(DESPEISSE; FORD, 2015).
According to Gebler et al. (2014), the adoption AM and other advanced
manufacturing technologies would in the future lead to shorter, more localized,
more collaborative, and more sustainable value chains. Durach
et al. (2017) argue that the expected impacts of AM technologies and the
potential implications on the supply chain and logistics activities are, but not limited:
1. Structure of supply chains, for
example, the location of manufacturing facilities near end-users-consumers;
2. Customer's central role in the
manufacturing process, that is, new business models will be created based on
the assumption that the user can create and produce the product he needs at his
own home or adopting the global factory concept;
3.
Logistics activities regarding transportation and
storage will be also affected; and
4. New skills in the supply chain
(manufacturing or services enterprises) will emerge, for example, resilience
and agility.
These four guidelines
cover the following implications:
· Business models that integrate
customers into value creation;
· Logistics service providers who enter
in the AM market by providing 3D printing services;
· Reduction of the product development
process and lead-time (agile supply chain);
· Mass customized products with
individual and interchangeable characteristics;
· Less or no stock of finished products
(make-to-order vs. make-to-stock);
· Reduction of transport and storage
costs; and
· Acquisition of CAD model data and 3D
printing at home via web instead of buying finished products.
The advantages of AM technologies for
producing a very varying kind of goods will alter global value chains and will
create incentives for companies to adopt business and customers oriented models
for both products and services supply chains due to it wide-versatility on
customization and unlocking of traditional manufacturing constraints (time,
place and variety).
4.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The
goal of this paper was to identify the implications of the AM process adoption
on SC and logistics. For that purpose a systematic literature review was
carried out, which allowed the identification and classification of seven major
issues as follow:
· The
supply chain CR, which can be achieve by replacing multi components assembly
process by single-full parts production in one-step. This could contribute to
increase the production lines productivity.
· The S-LA have to be attended as
the arisen necessity to develop standards for regulating main issues regarding
which kind of products can be free-printed or not. Users, consumers and
producers-consumers need consciously follow a suitable behavior concerning this
issue to avoid self-inflicted and physical damages.
· For FL-IM, focus lies in transportation
activities reduction, since the consumer can produce at his own place
eliminating the intermediary transportation process between producer and
consumer. This will be achieved as a future trend. Regarding to the inventory
cost reduction, spare parts and high variety of raw material will no longer be
necessary or at least considerably reduced.
· New archetypes as MC arise versus
traditional mass production. Consumers and users will be able to customize and
freely design any kind of objects taking into account its own necessities.
· DM will imply producing near-at
or on the final-consumption place with wide design freedom and quickly
prototyping (DF-P). This approach certainly allows reducing time to market,
satisfying the customer’s necessities quickly or changing products design with
less reprocessing work. 3D-printers will also be placed at uneasy-reachable
places or for humanitarian purposes reducing risks or delays on the supply
chain of fundamental goods.
·
RE-S need to be attended involving the availability
of monetary capital, materials, energy, wastes management and products
lifecycle and useful life extension.
Approaches with this purpose have to be developed.
Bibliometric
tools were used to process the data extracted form papers. A detailed data
analysis allowed noting that the scientific production in the area is still
relatively limited in relation to the quantity of publications and requires
rapid advance. The publication trend in this area has been increasing since
2012. The most publishing journal
identified is the Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, which
published 11 articles in the last 5 years. Scientific production involves 23
countries. The most contributing institutions are concentrated in the USA, UK
and Germany.
The
current set of results, stating that the implications of AM on the SC and
logistics is an emerging and relatively novel field, may contribute to the
expansion of the development of this area, including other logistics activities
such as, material handling, storage, etc.
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